Columbus Schema for C/C++ Preprocessing
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1 Columbus Schema for C/C++ Preprocessing László Vidács, Rudolf Ferenc and Árpád Beszédes Department of Software Engineering University of Szeged, Hungary
2 Introduction C/C++ Preprocessor useful and widely used tool The compiler gets the preprocessed code and not the original source code that the programmer sees in many cases the two codes are markedly different problems in program comprehension, analysis and maintenance The preprocessor is like a black box the connection between its input and output is welldefined, but in concrete cases it may be hard to see precisely what is going on CSMR
3 Directive usage Unix software packages Directives make up 8.4% of the source code lines Dependencies: each line depends on 0.59 macros in average Extreme case one line in GCC source depends on 4 different macros considering all configurations this increases to 87 Ernst, Badros, Notkin: An Empirical Analysis of C Preprocessor Use (2000) CSMR
4 Schema for preprocessing Schema describes the source code from a preprocessing point of view object oriented model of preprocessor related language elements and their relationships Schema instance an embodiment of the schema in a concrete case a graph that describes the connection between the original and the preprocessed code (the procedure of preprocessing) CSMR
5 Schema instance #define B(x) x+a #define A B(3) 3+ 0 :File name = contains () contains (2) contains (4) contains (3) contains (5) contains (6) 4 :FuncDefine name = B :Define name = A 32 :Id name = B 32 :Text name = ( 32 :Text name = 3 32 :Text name = ) 5 :Parameter name = x referstoparameter hasparameter hasreplacement(2) hasreplacement() hasreplacement(3) 6 :DirectiveId name = x 7 :DirectiveText name = + referstoid referstodefiniton 8 :DirectiveId name = A referstodefinition hasreplacement 2 :DirectiveText name = referstoid consistsof B(3) x+a 3+A 3 :DefineRef referstonext :FuncDefineRef hasargument 2 :Argument 3+ CSMR
6 Configurations Due to conditional blocks several versions of the code exist in the source simultaneously Configuration code processed during one particular run of the preprocessor determined by the context of preprocessing: predefined macros and command line (macros, include paths, etc.) CSMR
7 Schema Instance Types Dynamic instance configuration-dependent follows the normal run of the preprocessor conditionally excluded code is omitted, separate file nodes, a macro call has exactly one definition Static instance configuration-independent follows the code structure all conditional blocks are included, macros may have more definitions (from different configurations) The schema describes both types of instances CSMR
8 Dynamic and static instance main.c: #include "config.h" #define MACRO #include "support.h" support.h: #include "config.h" config.h: #ifdef MACRO :File name = main.c :File name = main.c contains () contains (2) contains (3) contains (4) contains (6) contains (5) contains () contains (2) contains (3) contains (4) contains (6) contains (5) 4 :Define :Include 5 :Include name = MACRO 4 :Define :Include 5 :Include name = MACRO hasfilename includes hasfilename includes hasfilename hasfilename 2 :DirectiveText name = config.h 3 :File name = config.h 6 :DirectiveText name = support.h 9 :File name = support.h 2 :DirectiveText name = config.h includes 6 :DirectiveText name = support.h includes contains contains() contains(2) hasfilename 20 :Include includes 3 :File name = config.h contains includes contains() 9 :File name = support.h contains(2) 2 :DirectiveText name = config.h 22: File:: name = config.h contains 20 :Include hasfilename Dynamic 2 :DirectiveText name = config.h Static CSMR
9 Columbus Schema for C/C++ Preprocessing {OR} includes includes File name : String shared: static instances composite: dynamic instances dependson contains {ordered} {ordered} Element Base id : Integer Positioned path : String line : Integer col : Integer endline : Integer endcol : Integer {multiplicity: : static instances 0..: dynamic instances} referstodefinition {OR} referstonext DefineRef FuncDefineRef hasargument Argument {OR} Parameter 0.. name : String referstoparameter.. consistsof {ordered} DirectiveText name : String {ordered} {OR} 2 concatenates {ordered} 0.. Directive Text name : String referstodirectiveid.. consistsof {ordered} referstoid {ordered} DirectiveId Defined Stringize Concat checks stringizes Include isexternal : Boolean Null Conditional enabled : Boolean Error Line Pragma Id IfGroup Else Elif Endif belongsto belongsto 0.. {ordered} belongsto Undef name : String isexternal : Boolean undefines Define name : String isexternal : Boolean {multiplicity: : static instances 0..: dynamic instances} hasreplacement If Ifdef Ifndef FuncDefine hasparameter haspragmatext hasfilename haslineno hasdirectivetext hasconstexpression hasconstexpression hasfilename CSMR
10 Implementation Command line tool CANPP Builds Schema Instances dynamic instances (static instances will be available soon) outputs: PPML (XML), GXL, binary API Works also as a usual preprocessor can be incorporated into existing build processes supports MSVC and GCC dialects Part of the Columbus framework CSMR
11 Possible applications Schema is for general use may aid the work of researchers e.g. processing XML instead of implementing a preprocessor or simply using the API Dynamic particularly for programmers, e.g.: visualization Static overall program comprehension, e.g.: include hierarchy macro-related metrics revealing conditions for a given line to be compiled CSMR 2004
12 Summary Our technique fills the gap between the original and the preprocessed code solves problems with comprehension and analyzer tools Schema, schema instances dynamic helps in concrete cases, configurations static overall program comprehension Part of the Columbus framework XML, GXL CSMR
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