Chapter 2: Overview of C. Problem Solving & Program Design in C
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1 Chapter 2: Overview of C Problem Solving & Program Design in C Addison Wesley is an imprint of
2 Why Learn C? Compact, fast, and powerful High-level Language Standard for program development (wide acceptance) It is everywhere! (portable) Supports modular programming style Useful for all applications C is the native language of UNIX Easy to interface with system devices/assembly routines C is terse
3 C Language Elements in Miles-to-Kilometers Conversion Program
4 Preprocessor directives Begins with # symbol Provides an instruction to the C preprocessor. Preprocessor modifies the text of C program before compilation. In the example there are two # include # define
5 library A collection of useful functions and symbols that may be accessed by the program Each library has a standard header file ending with.h symbol. The ANSI(American National Standards Institute)-C standard requires that collection of standard libraries be provided in every ANSI C implementation. Number of operation available may be expanded by supplyin additional libraries An individual programmer may create his own libraries <stdio.h>
6 Header file examples #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <math.h> #include mylib.h (user defined) #include <stdio.h> /* printf, scanf definitions */ Some names used in the program are found in the standard header file
7 #define Other directive #define KMS_PER_MILE Replace each occurrence of KMS_PER_MILE by Note that only data values that never change should be given names using a #define. Using such constants makes easier to understand the statements #define PI #define GRAV_ACC
8 Comments The text in the example starts with /* and end with */ is called a comment. Comments provide information making it easier for us to understand the program. Comment lines are non-executable statements, i.e. they are ignored during compilation and execution of the program
9 Function main() int type of function main(void) function takes no value { beginning of the function body Function body } end of the function body Function body has two main parts Type declerations Executable statements
10 Function main() #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { printf( Hello world \n ); return (0); }
11 Reserved keywords Keywords auto double int struct break else long switch case enum register typedef char extern return union const float short unsigned continue for signed void default goto sizeof volatile do if static while C s reserved keywords
12 User defined identifiers in C programs we choose our own identifiers to name memory cells that will data and program results. (KMS_PER_MILE) rules for choosing identifiers 1. consist of only letters digits and underscore 2. cannot begin with a digit 3. a reserved word cannot be used as an identifier 4. do not use too long identifier names
13 User defined identifiers valid identifiers: letter_1, inches, x1, VAR, COUNTER invalid identifiers: 1letter,my count, two+four, ali s (be careful when using turkish letters) Note also that C is a case sensitive language all the following names corresponds to a different identifier name hello, Hello, HELLO for a good programming style you may prefer to use longer names with underscore; x_coord, arithmetic_mean, sum_avg etc
14 Variable Declarations syntax; int variable_list; double variable_list; char variable_list; examples: int count,large; double x,y,z; char ans; or int count, large; double x; double y; double z; char ans;
15 Data types int double char stands for integer numbers stands for real numbers stands for character symbols (letters, digits, symbols etc) int: represents integer numbers between and double: represents real numbers contains integers as well, larger values. they may be represented in scientific notation like e5 or E , , 15.0e-04, 12e+5 valid double constants 150, 0.123e, 15e-0.3, 34,99 invalid constants char: a letter, a digit or a symbol enclosed in a apostrophe A, 1, :,, performing arithmetic operations is possible with character data type (take care)
16 Executable statements they follow the declarations statements this part has been translated into the machine language back to the example Assignment statements kms=kms_per_mile*miles; the expression in LHS is firstly calculated and then result is assigned to RHS variable, therefore it is NOT AN EQUALITY expression
17 C Language Elements in Miles-to-Kilometers Conversion Program
18 Memory(a) Before and (b) After Execution of a Program
19 Effect of kms = KMS_PER_MILE * miles;
20 Effect of sum = sum + item;
21 Input/Output Operations and Functions data can be stored in memory in two ways by assignment by using a function like scanf input /output operations are performed by special functions supplied by directive #include <stdio.h>
22 printf function syntax: printf(format string,print list) printf( that equals %f kilometers. \n,kms) char string result: format placeholder that equals kilometers print variable list
23 printf function format placeholders (specifiers)
24 printf function Example: Assume letter_1, letter_2, letter_3 are char variables and age is an int type data printf( Hi %c%c%c your age is %d \n, letter_1, letter_2, letter_3, age) Hi ABC your age is 10 will be printed on screen where letter_1= A letter_2= B letter_3= C, age =
25 scanf function syntax: scanf(format string,input list) Generally user is prompted by a printf function to tell user what to do before a scanf function example printf( Enter the first number ); scanf( %lf,&num1); & ampersand symbol is the C address of operator. Do not forget to use & in scanf. after entering data user can press <enter> to process data
26 Effect of scanf("%lf", &miles);
27 Scanning Data Line Bob scanf( %c%c%c,letter_1,letter_2,letter_3);
28 return (0); transfer control from program to the operating system the value in parenthesis is considered the result of the main function s execution. indicates the program is executed without error
29 General Form of a C Program
30 General Form of a C Program you can use blank spaces between the statements more than one statement on a line may be written but it is better to use one statement per line for readability of the program use comments at the beginning of the program and for a good programming style it is a good practice to add name of programmer a brief description about aim of the program
31 2.5 Arithmetic Expressions Arithmetic operators: C operation Arithmetic operator Algebraic expression Addition + f + 7 f + 7 Subtraction - p c p - c Multiplication * bm b * m Division / x / y x / y Modulus % r mod s r % s Rules of operator precedence: Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence) C expression () Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level (i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right. *, /, or % Multiplication,Div Evaluated second. If there are several, they are ision, Modulus evaluated left to right. + or - Addition Subtraction Evaluated last. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right
32 Evaluation Tree for area = PI * radius * radius;
33 Step-by-Step Expression Evaluation
34 Equality and Relational Operators Step 1. y = 2 * 5 * * 5 + 7; 2 * 5 is 10 (Leftm ost multip lic ation) Step 2. y = 10 * * 5 + 7; 10 * 5 is 50 (Leftm ost multip lic ation) Step 3. y = * 5 + 7; 3 * 5 is 15 (Multip lic ation before ad dition) Step 4. y = ; is 65 (Leftm ost ad dition) Step 5. y = ; is 72 (Last a dd ition) Step 6. y = 72; (Last op era tio n p la ce 72 in y)
35 Evaluation Tree and Evaluation for v = (p2 - p1) / (t2 - t1);
36 Evaluation Tree and Evaluation for z - (a + b / 2) + w * -y
37 Notes on / and % operators when two positive integers are divided integral part of the result is the result. 7.0/2.0=3.5 but 7/2 = 3, ½ = 0, 0 / 4=0, 4/0 = undefined x % y means the remainder of x /y. x=(x/y)*y+(x%y) 7=(7/2)*2+(7%2)!!! 3%5=3, 7%5=2 mixed type expressions: var1 operator var2, result is integer if both var1 and var2 are integers otherwise result is double
38 Notes on / and % operators example: given m and n are integers and x,y and p are double m=3; n=2; p=2.0; x=m/p; y=m/n; m=3, n=2, p=2.0, x=1.5, y=
39 type conversion a type of an expression may be converted to another type by placing the desired type in parenthesis in front of the expression example int x,y; double z; z=(double) x / (double) y;
40 writing mathematical formulas in C
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