! $%$ Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University,Columbus, OH 4=210, USA

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1 !ournal of the -ndian Societ2 of Soil Science3 4ol o5 23 pp Article Soils and!ndia1s Food Security! $%$ Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University,Columbus, OH 4=210, USA Abstract: &'()*' *+,)-./0.,1 )2 3' 041 -,322,3*(2 5)1/(2 36 7*83, 633( -,392 4*:1 20*+'*01( 3, (1-/)'1( 2)'-1 =4.2 &'()*' *+,)-./0.,1 )2 6*-)'+ * 0,)9/1-4*//1'+1 36 ) (3.B/)' ( 9,3(.-0)3' BC -379*,1( E)04 )),1203,)'+ (1+,*(1( 23)/2 *'( )79,3:)'+ G.*/)0C 36 2.,6*-1 *'( +,3.'( E*01,2 *'( ))) *//1:)*0)'+,.,*/ 93:1,0C BC :*/.1 *(()0)3' *'( ():1,0)'+ 939./*0)3' , 9,36122)3'2 e.g *+,3 B*21( )'(.20,)12 5)1/(2 36 9,)'-)9*/ -,392 )' &'()* *,1 03 0)712 /122 04*' )' 041 )'(.20,)*/)J1( 1-3'37)12 &' *(()0)3' 03 B)394C2)-*/ 23)/ E*01, -/)7*01 6*-03,2 041,1 *,1 */23 21,) *' ()71'2)3' )22.12 E4)-4 '11( 03 B1 *((,1221( 03 1'4*'-1 *'( 2.20*)' *+,3'37)- 9,3(.-0)3' K4)/1 B.)/()'+.93' 041-3':1'0)3'*/ 01-4'3/3+)12 e.g -3'21,:*0)3' 0)//*+1 7./-4 6*,7)' /*20)- 7./-4 (,)9 2.B 23)/ ),,)+*0)3' *1,3B)-,)-1 932)0):1 '.0,)1'0 B.(+10 )0 )2 */23 )793,0*' (1,' )''3:*0)3'2 B*21( 3' '*'301-4'3/3+C B)301-4'3/3+C *'( )'63,7*0)3' 01-4'3/3+C L13/)012 B*21( *71'(71'02 4*:1 *' *99/)-*0)3' )' '.0,)1'0 *'( 73)20.,1-3'21,:*0)3' =41 -,)0)-*/ )22.1 )2 36 1'4*'-)' )-)1'-C 36 )'9.02 e.g 61,0)/)J1, ),,)+*0)3' E*01, 1'1,+C BC,1(.-)'+ /32212 =41 20,*01+C )2 03 )79,3:1 *+,3'37)- C)1/( 91,.')0 /*'( *,1* 0)71 *'( *,7 )' '.0,)1'02 1'1,+C E*01, *'( /*B3., K)04 )02 :*20 23)/ *'( E*01,,123.,-12 *'( *,*' /)7*012 &'()* 4* *9*-)0C 03 B1 041 E3,/(M2 B,1*( B*2N10 BC 73B)/)J)'+ 6*,7)' ')0C 7*N)'+ 23)/ 2-)1'-1,1/1:*' )10*/ '11(2 *'( )79,3:)'+ *--3.'0*B)/)0C *'( +3:1,'*'-1 7ey words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` 243E 20*+'*0)3' 3, (1-/)'1 )' C)1/(2 *'( 030*/ 9,3(.-0)3' 36 21:1,*/ 633( -,392 )' &'()* T)+2 =41 2)0.*0)3' ) )*//C +,*:1 E)04,1+*,(2 03 9,3(.-0)3' 36 9./212 3)/ 211(2 *'( E41*0 =41 9,3(.-0)3' 36 9./212 E*2 W0 )' *'( 041 '11( BC )2 9,381-01( 03 B1 W0 =41 21:1,)0C ,3B/ *+,*,)*' 20*+ '*0)3' )2 6.,041, 1U*-1,B*01( BC ) 041,)2)'+ 1'1,+C *'( 1':),3'71'0*/ *+,)-./0.,*/ )'01'2)6)-* 0)3' )) -4*'+1 )' -/)7*01 E) *001'(*'0 *(:1,21 )79*-0 3' 041 *73.'0 *'( :*,)*B)/)0C )' 73'233'2

2 a`s!b%$ `T =_] &bz&%b O`c&]=5 `T O`&$ Oc&]bc] de3/ 9able 1. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' *+,)-./0.,*/ 9,3(.-0)3' *'( -,39 C)1/(2 )' &'()* B10E11' *'(!1-*/-./*01( 6,37 a*)' 51*, =30*/ ^,3(.-0)3' W0 f,*)' C)1/( N+ 4*!)-1 K41*0 %// 633( +,*)'2!)-1 K41*0 %// 633( +,*)'2 Fig. 1. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' -3,' +,*)' C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 Fig. 2. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' 930*03 0.B1, C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 ))) 21:1,1 9,3B/ )/ (1+,*(*0)3' *'( ): (, ,122 *--1'0.*01( BC 041 )'-,1*21 )' 633( 9,3(.-0)3' B,3.+40 *B3.0 BC -3'0*7)'*0)3' *'( 93/ /.0)3' 36 2.,6*-1 *'( +,3.'( E*01,2 K4)/1 041 )' -,1*21 )' 633( 9,3(.-0)3' 04, f,11'!1:3/. 0)3' *'( 2 E*2 B*21( 3' +,3E)'+ )'9.0,1293'2):1 :*,)10)12 9/*'01( 3' ),,)+*01( 23)/2 E)04 )'01'2):1 )' ,0)/)J1,2 *'( 9120)-)( '1U0 G.*' ,37.2)'+ )''3:*0):1 01-4'3/3+)12 63, 2.20*)'*B/1 7*'*+171' )/2 B*21( 3' -.00)'+ 1( )1'0)6)- *(:*' '0.,C =41,163, B81-0): )2-4*901, )2 03 (12-,)B *-03,2,1293'2)B/1 63, C)1/( (1-/)'1 *'( *+,*,)*' 20*+'*0)3' )' &'()* () ,3/ (1,' )''3:*0)3'2 *'( C'1,+)27 E)04,1-3771'(1( 9,*-0)-12 3' )79,3:)'+ 23)/ 9,3(.-0):)0C 1'4*'-)' )-)1'-C 36 )'9.02 *'( 7*)'0*)')'+ * 932)0):1 0,1'( )' 9,3(.-0):)0C 3:1, 0)71 Rationale for Agricultural!ntensification in!ndia =41,1 *,1 21:1,*/ -3791//)'+,1*23'2 63, *+,) -./0.,*/ )'01'2)6)-*0)3' )' &'()* )'-,1*21 )' 939./* 0)3' -4*'+12 )' ()10*,C 4*B)02 *223-)*01( E)04 )' -,1*21 )' )' :1,1 23)/ (1+,*(*0)3' (1-/)'1 )' 91, -*9)0* /*'( *,1* (1-/)'1 )' 91, -*9)0* *:*)/*B)/)0C 36,1'1E*B/1 6,124 E*01, *++,*:*01( BC 041 1U-12 2):1 E)04(,*E*/ 36 +,3.'( E*01, *'( 041 '11( 63, *//1:)*0)3' 36 93:1,0C *73'+,.,*/ 939./*0)3' &'-,1*21 )' 939./*0)3' )' (1:1/39)'+ -3.'0,)12 )' +1'1,*/ *'( )' &'()* )' 9*,0)-./*, )2 * -3'-1,' 04* B1 *((,1221( E)04 *// )02,*7)6)-*0)3'2 51*,2 03 (3.B/ /*0)3' (1-,1*21 1U93'1'0)*//C E)04 )' -,1*21 )' 041,* /*0)3' +,3E04 =41 C1*,2 03 (3.B/ /*0)3' *,1 63, 041,*01 C, 36 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, *'( 3'/C 63, _*,()' %/ &'()*M2 939.

3 h O`&$O %bz &bz&% O T``Z O]cS!&=5 Fig. 3. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' E41*0 +,*)' C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 Fig. 5. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' -3003' /)'0 C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 Fig. 4. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' 23CB1*' +,*)' C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 /*0)3' +,3E04 4*2 B11' 9,3+,122):1/C (1-/)')'+ 03 * 9,121'0,*01 36 C, 041 9,381-01( 939./*0)3' B)/ /)3' )2 120)7*01( *0 BC BC BC BC *'( BC K)04 9,3+,122):1 )'-,1*21 )' fz^ *0 3, 73,1 91, C1*, 041,1 )2 * 20,3'+ /)N1/)433( 36-4*'+1 )' ()10*,C 4*B)02 6,37 9,1(37)'*'0/C 9/*'0 B*21( :1+10*,)*' ()10 03 * Fig. 6. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )',)-1 +,*)' C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 9,3+,122):1 24)60 03 *')7*/ B*21( ()10 e.g., 93./0,C 6)24 /*7B 10- =4121 (C'*7)-2 '1-122)0*01 * (,*20)- )'-,1*21 )' *+,3'37)- 9,3(.-0)3' 3:1, 041 '1U0 03 (1-*(12 BC *'( &'-,1*21 )' 939./*0)3' /1*(2 03 (1-,1*21 )' 6*,7 2)J1 3' 041 3'1 4*'( *'(,1(.-0)3' )' 91, -*9)0* *,*B/1 /*'( *,1* 3' , =41 91, -*9)0* /*'( *,1*

4 a`s!b%$ `T =_] &bz&%b O`c&]=5 `T O`&$ Oc&]bc] de3/ Fig. 7. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' 7)//10 +,*)' C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 Fig. 8. =1793,*/ -4*'+12 )' 23,+4.7 +,*)' C)1/(!1(,*E' 6,37 4* 36 &'()* E*2 )' *'( )' &0 )2 9,381-01( 03 B1 )' )' )' )' *'( )' ]'+1/7*' *'( $1!3C =4121 9,381-0)3'2 *,1 B*21( 3' * (.B)3.2 *22.790)3' 04*0 041,1 E)// B1 '3 *(()0)3'*/ -3':1,2)3' 36 6*,7 /*'( 03 )'(.20,)*/.,B*' *'( 3041, /*'(.212 3, 03 (1+,*(*0)3' BC 1,32)3' 2*/)')J*0)3' 1/171'0*/ )7B*/*' )/ (1+,* (*0)3' )' &'()*,17*)'2 03 B1 * 21,)3.2 ) )*//C 04*0 -*.21( BC *--1/1,*01( 1,32)3' BC E*01, *'( E)'( *'( BC 2*/)')J*0)3' T%` O)7)/*, ,1'(2 )' 91, -*9)0* /*'( *,1* 041,1 )2 */23 * 9,3B/17 36 E*01, 243,0*+1 ]'+1/7*' *'( $1!3C =41 /*001, )2 /)N1/C 03 B1 1U*-1,B*01( B1-* :1, )'-,1*2)' )0)3' 6,37.,B*' *'( )'(.20,)*/.212 *'( )'-,1*21 )' 041 :*+*,)12 36,*)'6*// B1-* ,381-01( -/)7*01-4*'+1 &,,)+*0)3' 4*2 B11' * 7*83, 6*-03, )' 1'4*'-)'+ *+,3'37)- 9,3(.-0)3' )' &'()* 2)'-1 2 =41 ),,) +*01( /*'( *,1* )'-,1*21( 6,37 *B3.0 W4* )' 03 *B3.0 W4* )' T%` K4)/1 041,1 )2 * 9301'0)*/ 03 (3.B/1 041 /*'( *,1*.'(1, ),,)+*0)3' B304 BC 2.,6*-1 *'( +,3.'( E*01,.0)/)J*0)3' 041., +1'0 '1-122)0C )2 )' 2*:)'+ 041 E*01,,123.,-12 BC,1(.-)'+ /32212 *'( )'-,1*2)'+ E*01, )-)1'-C T/33(1(,)-1 -./0.,1,1G.),12 /)0,12 36 E*01, 03 9,3(.-1 N+ 36,)-1 /1*()'+ 03,*9)( (19/10)3' ,3.'( E*01, O)7)/*, 03 23)/ 041 9,3+,122):1 (1-/)'1 )' *:*)/*B)/)0C 36 91, -*9)0* 6,124 E*01,,123.,-12 )2 */23 B1)'+ 1U*-1,B*01( BC 93//.0)3' -3'0*7)'*0)3' *'( 1.0,394)-*0)3' ^39./*0)3' 7)//)3' */,1*(C * ( BC E*01, 2-*,-)0C )' &'()* )2 120)7*01( *0-379*,1( E)04 )' ^*N)20*' )' c4)'* )' W1U)-3 )' %/+1,)* *'( )' 041 S O b1e 53,N =)712 O190 &' &'()* 041 +,3.'( E*01, (19/10)3' 4*2 *--1/1,*01( E) ,3/)61,*0)3' 36 1/1-0,) , ),,)+*0)3' =41 9,3B/17 36 E*01, (19/10)3' *'( 23)/ (1+,* (*0)3' E)// B1 1U*-1,B*01( )' 041 (1:1/39)'+ -3.'0,)12 36 O3.04 %2)* )'-/.()'+ &'()* =41 9,381-01( )'-,1*21 )' 01791,*0.,1 *'( )'-,1*21 )',*)'6*// :*,)*B)/)0C E)// *--1/1,*01 23)/ (1+,*(*0)3' BC 1,32)3' *'( (19/10)3' 36 23)/ 3,+*')- 7*001, O`W,121,:12 S'(1, 041 9,381-01( -/)7*01-4*'+1 *'( )'-,1*21 )' 23)/ (1+,* (*0)3' 041,1 E3./( B1 * 9,3+,122):1 (1-/)'1 )' )-)1'-C *,7 )'9.0 e.g., '.0,)1'02 ),,) +*0)3' 23)/ *71'(71'02 1'1,+C ` )//)3' 4* 7 36,*)' E*01, *''.*//C,1-1):1( )' &'()* 3'/C 3, 7)//)3' 4* 7 9,121'0/C )'6)/0,*012 )' )/ =41 9,381-01( )'-,1*21 )' 01791,*0.,1 E3./( *--1'0.*01 /32212 ( :*93,*0)3' *'( (1-,1*21 1:1' 6.,041, 041 9,393,0)3' 36,*)' E*01,.0)/)J1( BC -,392 e.g 041 +,11' E*01, =41 */,1*(C /3E E*01, )-)1'-C E3./( (1-/)'1 1:1' 6.,041, &' :)1E ) ,1 )2 *'.,+1'0 '11( 03,1:)2) ' *+,)-./0.,*/ 2.20*)'*B)/)0C *'( 041,1/1:*'0 20,*01+)12 63, 1'4*'-)'+ 633( 9,3(.-0)3' )' &'()* 9rends in Drain Eields =,1'(2 )' +,*)' C)1/( ( -,392 )' &'()* *'( 3041, -3.'0,) E3,/( *,1 243E' BC 041 (*0* )'

5 h O`&$O %bz &bz&% O T``Z O]cS!&=5 9able 2. c379*,*0):1 C)1/(2 0 4* 36 :1+10*B/12 )' &'()* %(*901( 6,37 ^*)' 9able 3. =41 *:1,*+1 *''.*/ +,3E04,*01 )' *+,)-./0.,*/ 21-03, )' &'()* %(*901( 6,37 ^*)' 51*, &'()* c4)'* K3,/( 6)+2 03 =41 C)1/(2 36-3,' T)+ 930*03 T)+ E41*0 T)+ 23CB1*' 6) ' T)+,)-1 T)+ 7)//10 T)+ *'( 23,+4.7 T)+ *,1 *73' /3E120 )' 041 E3,/( 5)1/(2 91, 41-0 *, ,392 )' -3.'0,)12 E) ,-)*/ 6*,7 )'+ *,1 * *2 0)712 4)+41, )' -3,' 0)712 4)+41, )' 930*03 0)712 4)+41, )' E41*0 0)712 4)+41, )' 23CB1*'2 0)712 4)+41, )' -3003' /)'0 0)712 4)+41, )',)-1 0)712 4)+41, )' 7)//10 *'( 0)712 4)+41, )' 23,+4.7 T)+2 c,39 C)1/(2 *,1 /3E1, )' &'()* '30 3'/C )' -379*,)23' E)04 (1:1/391( -3.'0,)12 S O c*'*(* ].,391 %.20,* /)* a*9*' B.0 */23 E)04,161,1' )' c4)'* O3.04 ]*20 %2)* *'( O3.04 %71,)-* &' 6*-0 C)1/(2 36,*)'61( (,C 6*,7)'+ -,392 )' &'()* *,1 3'/C 7*, +)'*//C B1001, 04*' )' O.B O*4*,*' %6,)-* =41-3'-1,' 36 /3E C)1/(2 )2 6.,041, 1'4*'-1( BC *+'*0)'+ 9,3(.-0)3' 1:1' )' ),,)+*01( *+,)-./0.,1 O)7)/*, ( +,*)'2 =*B/1 041 C)1/(2 36 :1+ 10*B/12 )' &'()* *,1 *B3.0 /3E1, 04*' E3,/( *:1,*+1 *'(/3E1, 04*' c4)'* =*B/1 =4121 /3E C)1/(2 *,1 */23,16/1-01( )' /3E *''.*/ +,3E04,*01 )' *+,)-./0.,*/ 21-03, )' &'()* =*B/1 %+,)-./0.,*/ +,3E04 E*2 )' *'( 3'/C )' 510 &'()*M2 1-3'37C '3E * 0,)//)3' SO +,1E *0 (.,)'+ &0 )2 041 *+,)-./0.,*/ 21-03, E4)-4 )2 /*+ +)'+ B14)'( *'( )2 *(:1,21/C *661-0)' *'(*,( 51*, %''.*/ +,3E04 )' *+,)-./0.,1 *'( *//)1( 21-03,2 C, 9able 4.!1-1'0 0,1'(2 )' 633( 9,3(.-0)3' W= C, )' &'()* %(*901( 6,37 SOZ% 36 /):)' ,.,*/ 939./*0)3' =41 1-3'37)- +*9 )2 E)(1')'+ B10E11' 041.,B*' *'( 041,.,*/ 939./*0)3' )' &'()* O.-4 * 933, 91,63,7*'-1 )' *+,)-./0.,*/ 21-03, )' +1'1,*/ *'( -,39 9,3(.-0)3' )' 9*,0)-./*, -*''30 B1 1U9/*)'1( 1'0),1/C 3' 041 B*2)2 36 B)394C2)-*/ 6*- 03,2 e.g 23)/ E*01, *'( -/)7*01 =41 1'0),1 G.12 0)3' *)'*B)/)0C *'( '-3':1'0)3'*/ *'( 73(1,' 01-4'3/3+C B*21( 3' )'+ 1( )1'-1 '11( 03 B1 3B81-0):1/C *221221( _3E -*' 041 )771()*01 '11( 36 )'-,1*2)'+ *++,1+*01 *:*)/*B)/)0C 36 *// 633( B1 )'-,1*21( 6,37 W0 )' 03 W0 )' W0 )' =*B/1 *'( BC 73,1 BC k Revisiting Sustainable Agriculture in!ndia O)' /)01,*0.,1 )2,19/101 E)04 (1B*01 3' 2.20*)'*B/1 *+,)-./0.,1 &' 041-3'01U0 36 &'()* E4)-4 )2 2)7)/*, , (1:1/39)'+ -3.'0,)12 36 O3.04 %2)* *'( O.B O*4*,*' %6,)-* 041-4*//1'+1 )2 43E 03 )'-,1*21 633( 9,3(.-0)3' BC 03 3:1, 041 '1U0 C1*,2 E) *,()J)' )/ *'( E*01,,123.,-12 E4)-4 *,1 */,1*(C.'(1, +,1*0 20,122 K4)/1 041 (17*'( 63, 633( -1,1*/2 9./212-33N)'+ 3)/ )2 )'-,1*2)' ,3(.-0):)0C 91, 41-0*,1 3,.')0 )'9.0 51*, f,*)'!330 9,3(.-0)3' c3771,-)*/ )'9.02 T33( *)( =30*/ *:*)/*B)/)0C 9,3(.-0)3' f,*)' 1G.):*/1'0 f,*)'2 f,*)' 1G.):*/1'0 36 *// 633( Projection

6 a`s!b%$ `T =_] &bz&%b O`c&]=5 `T O`&$ Oc&]bc] de3/ )2 (1-,1*2)'+ *'( 041,)2N2 36 (1+,*(*0)3' 36 '*0.,*/,123.,-12 23)/ *'( E*01, *,1 )'-,1*2)'+ =41,1 )2 * 21,)3.2 9,3B/17 36 '.0,)1'0 7)')'+ B1-* U 0,*-0):1 6*,7)'+ 9,*-0)-12 T3, 1*-4 03''1 36-1,1*/ +,*)'2 4*,:1201( *73.'0 36 7*83, '.0,)1'02,173:1( 6, )/2 )2 N+ b N+ ^ *'( N+ l c3'n/)' a, *'( O0)/E1// =41 '1+*0):1 '.0,) 1'0 B.(+10 )2 1U*-1,B*01( BC,173:*/ 36 -,39,12) (.12 *'( *')7*/ (.'+ 63, 3041, 9.,93212 &0 )2 120) 7*01( 04*0 )' &'()* W0 36 -,39,12)(.12 *'( W0 36 *')7*/ (.'+ *,1.21( * /( 6.1/,*041, 04*' *2 23)/ *71'(71'0 e1'n*0*,*7*' et al E)04 21:1,1 *(:1,21 )79*-02 3' -/)7*01 *'( 041 1':),3'71'0!*7*'*04*' et al c3'21 G.1'0/C *+,)-./0.,*/ 23)/2 36 &'()* 4*:1 *' *''.*/ '.0,)1'0 b ^ ` l ` (16)-)0 36 *B3.0 W0 ^,*2*( ( '0)'.3.2 7)')' )/ 61,0)/ )0C &' *(()0)3' 03 7*-,3 '.0,)1'02 041,1 )2 */23 * E)(129,1*( (16)-)1'-C '(*,C O *'( 7)-,3 '.0,)1'02 L' c. W3 [ 510 *' 3B81-0):1 * ' ) C)1/( (1-/)'1 )',)-1 E41*0 2C2 017 $*(4* et al *'(,*)'61( -,392,1G.),12 * :)2)3'*,C *'( * 9,*+7*0)- *99,3*-4 e)00*/ ^,)'-)9/ /3+)-*/ *+,)-./0.,1 W*+(.66 *'( 2.20*)'*B)/)0C '11( 03 B1 *99/)1( 03 )79,3: )'+ *+,)-./0.,1 )' &'()* =41 +3*/ ) )60 6,37 211( B*21( 01-4'3/3+C 03 23)/ *'( E*01, 7*'*+171'0 a*)' O.20*)'*B/1 *+,)-./0.,1 * 932)0):1 0,1'( )' 9,3(.-0)3' 91,.')0 )' *,7,123.,-1 4*2 *0 /1*20 -,)01,)* T)+ `'1 041 B*2)- '1-12 2)0C ( 611( 6)B1, *'( 6.1/ 7.20 B , 041 9,121'0 *'( 6.0.,1 939./*0)3' &' 04)2-3'01U0 041 B)36.1/ )2 * 73(1,' 6.1/,*041, 04*' 041 0,*()0)3'*/ -,39,12)(.12 *'( *')7*/ (.'+ &0 )2 )793,0*'0 03 6)'( :)*B/1 */01,'*0): E)(129,1*( ,*()0)3'*/ B)36.1/ 1291-)*//C *')7*/ (.'+ &0 4*2 '.71,3.2 *( :1,21 41*/04 *'( 1':),3'71'0*/ )22.12 e1'n*0,*7*' et al!*041, 04*'.2)'+ (.'+ *2 0,*()0)3'*/ 6.1/ )0 -*' B1.21( 03 +1'1,* *'1 B*21( 1/1-0,)-)0C *0 :)//*+1 /1:1/ =41,12)(.12-1//./321 /)+')' -*' B ( *'( *601, 63,0)6)-*0)3' E)04 b *'( ^.21( *2 23)/ *71'(71'0 =E3 6*,7 )' B1 1'4*'-1( *'( :1,0C 0,*9 B,3N1' =4)2 )7 9/)12 :*/.1 *(()0)3' 36 6*,7 9,3(.-1 04,3.+4 9,3-122)'+ *'( -,1*0)3' 36 * 20,3'+ B)31-3'37C =41 2.,9/.2 633( )',.,*/ *,1* '30 B1 *//3E1( 03,30 +,*)'2 :1+10*B/12 *'( 6,.)02 E4)/ , 20*,:1 K*/(7*' =4.,3E *'( O3/373' =4,11 041,1 )2 * 20,3'+ '11( 63, -,1*0)3' 36 *+,3 )'(.20,C )' 041,.,*/ *,1* *0 * /*,+1 9,393,0)3' 36,.,*/ 939./*0)3' -*' B1 ():1,01( *E*C 6, B2)2 01'-1 6*,7)'+ =4)2 ():1,2)3' E3./( /1*( 03 *' )' -,1*21 )' 041 6*,7 2)J1 *'( *--,.1 B1'16) '37C 36 2-*/1 T3., 2.20*)'*B/1 6*,7)'+ 2C ,1203,1 (1+,*(1( 23)/2 *'(,1:1, (1+,*(*0):1 0,1'(2 T):1 )'-,1*21 )' *+,)-./0.,*/ 9,3 Fig. 9. ^,)'-)9/ *)'*B/1 *+,)-./0.,1 )' &'()* *'( 1/21 E41,1 )' 041 (1:1/39)'+ -3.'0,)12

7 h O`&$O %bz &bz&% O T``Z O]cS!&=5 (.-0)3' 7.20 */23 B1-379*0)B/1 E)04 )79,3:)' ':),3'71' )*//C,1(.-)'+ 17)22)3' 36 +,11' *2212 c` c_ b ` *'( )79,3:)'+ E*01, G.*/)0C!1(.-)'+ '3' 93)'0 23.,-1 93//.0)3' BC 0,*'2 93,0 36 *+,)-./0.,*/ -417)-*/2 )'03 '*0.,*/ E*01, )2 *' )793,0*'0 -,)01,)3' *)'*B)/)0C O)U *'(*,( 36 /):)'+ 36,.,*/ 7* B1 )79,3:1( *'( 041 9,36)/1 *'(,1291-0*B)/)0C *,7)'+ 9,36122)3',1203,1( =41,1 )2 '3 2)'+/1 9,12-,)90):1 23/.0)3' 03 *-4)1: */2 =41 20,*01+)12 3, -37B)'*0)3' 36 20,*01+)12 E3./( ()661, *73'+ 23)/2 1-3,1+)3'2 *'( 23-)*/ *'( 104')- -3'()0)3'2 K4)/1 3,+*')- 6*,7)'+ 4*2 * ') )*//C *' 1-3'37)- ')-41 )0 7*C '30 B /.0)3' 63, /*'( 2-*,-1-3.'0,) * )' O3.04 %2)* [*(+/1C et al. b1e 01-4 '3/3+C 2.-4 *2 '3 0)// 6*,7)'+ *'( -3'21,:*0)3' *+,)-./0.,1 f.90* *'( O*C, B1 *221221( )' 01, ,)01,)* *'( 3041, -3'20,*)'02 $*/ * Iodern 9echnology =41 3B81-0):1 36 (1:1/39)'+ 73(1,' 01-4'3/3+C )2 03 2*:1 /*'( E*01, *'( *// 1'1,+C B*21( )'9.0 BC (1-,1*2)'+ /32212 *'( 1'4*'-)' )-)1'-C =41 20,*01+C )2 03 (1/):1, E*01, *'( '.0,)1'02 (),1-0/C 03 9/*'0,3302 * )71,1G.),1( *'( *0 041,*01 '11(1( &0 )2 */23 )793,0*' ,)6C *'(,1.21 E*201 E*01,.,B*' E*01, 63, ),,)+*0)3' $*/ B b*0.,*/ J13/)012 -*' B1.21( 63, 9.,)6C)'+ E*01, ^3'( *'( W.7903' *'( *2 23)/ -3'()0)3'1,2 T/33( ),,)+*0)3' 7.20 B1,19/*-1( BC (,)9 2.B ),,)+*0)3' *'( 3041, E*01, 2*:)'+ 01-4')G.12 =41,1 )2 */23 * 9301' 0)*/ 03 1'4*'-1 -,39 C)1/(2 BC 23E)'+ -,392 )' 73,1 )''3:*0):1 29*0)*/ 9*001,' *2 )' -/.792,*041, 04*' )',3E2 [*'(*,. et als2)'+ )''3:*0): (2 36 1'4*'-)'+ 23)/ 61,0)/)0C )2 C10 *'3041, 20,3'+ 9322)B)/)0C [1'B) et al *'( E3,04C 36 21,)3.2-3'2)(1,*0)3' K*01, 2*:)'+ -*' */23 B1 *-4)1:1( BC +,3E)'+ *1,3B)-,*041, 04*' 6/33(1(,)-1 04,3.+4 (1:1/3971'0 36 *99,39,)*01 :*,)10)12 ^1'+ et al b*'301-4'3/3+c 4*2 '.71,3.2 *99/)-*0)3'2 )' O3)/ O-)1'-1 E4) B1 4*,'1221( T)+ =4)2 )':3/: '*'361,0)/)J1,2 '*'3 (1/):1,C 2C2017 *'( '1E *'*/C0)-*/ 01-4')G (C 94C2)-*/ )'6,* 20,.-0.,1 36 7)-,3 *++,1+*012 *0 '7 2-*/1 [)321'2)'+ E)04 2C'0410)- '*'393,12 -*' 4*:1 '.71,3.2 *99/)-*0)3'2 OC'0410)- 21'23, /1-./*,,1-3+')0)3' 1:1'02 )' '*'393,12 63, 21/1-0):1 (101-0)3' 36 9,301)'2 '.-/130)(12 *'( 3041, 3, +*')- 73/1-./12 W*,0)' *'( O)EC S21 36 J13 /)012 4*2 )793,0*'0 *99/)-*0)3' *2 23)/ *71'(71'0 )' 1'4*'-)' )-)1'-C 36 E*01, *'( '.0,)1'02 %//1' et al [4*00*-4*,CC* et al W.N439*(4C*C ^*/ et al =4121 *, ,+)' '3/3+)12 *'( *,1 * ,16,3'0 63, (1:1/39)'+ 2C' 0410)- '*'393,1 21'23,2 ]-3'37)- *'(,1/)*B/ (2 *,1 '3E *:*)/*B/1 63, 9,19*,)'+ 2C'0410)- '*'393,12 O)7)/*,/C B)301-4'3/3+C 4*2 '.71,3.2 *9 9/)-*0)3'2 03 *((,122)'+ 23)/,1/1:*'0 20,12212 =41 +1 '10)-*//C 73()6)1( fw 9/*'02 -*' B1 +,3E' 03 03/1, *01 '.71,3.2 B)30)- *'( *B)30)- 20,12212 O371 9/*'02 -*' +1'1,*01 20,122 2)+'*/2 04, )00)'+ B)373/1-./12 E4)-4 -*' B1 (101-01( BC, '2 )'+ 01-4')G.12 *'( 0*,+101( 0,1*071'0 )79/171'01( 9,)3, 03 *'C 20,3'+ *(:1,21 )79*-0 3' 9,3(.-0):)0C S21 36 '*'3 717B,*'12 E4)-4 -*' ()2-,)7)'*01 B1 0E11' _ ` *'( c` 73/1-./12 -*' B1.21( 03 7)') 7)J1 0,*'29),*0)3' E) )'(1,)' *N1 36 c` %(:*'-12 )' )'63,7*0)3' 01-4'3/3+C &= 4*2 '.71,3.2 *99/)-*0)3' *)'*B/1 7*'*+171'0 36 '*0.,*/,123.,-12 = '*'321'23,2 (,3991( )',17301 *,1*2 -*' 0,*'27)0 )'63,7*0)3' 3' 23)/ 9,39 1,0)12 73)20.,1 *'( 01791,*0.,1,1+)712 *'( 041 1(*94)- 1':),3'71'02 =41 &= -*' 1'4*'-1-3''1-0):)0C '10E3,N)'+ )79,3:1 /)'N*+12 E)04 7*,N102 *'( 9,3:)(1 041 (1-)2)3' 2.993,0 2C *N1 23.'( (1-)2)3'2 T)+ Farming Carbon =41,1 )2 * 20,3'+ /)'N B10E11' 23)/ G.*/)0C *'( 23)/ 3,+*')- -*,B3' O`c -3'-1'0,*0)3' =41 O`c -3'-1'0,*0)3' )' 23)/2 36 &'()* )2 21:1,1/C (19/101( *'( )2 B1/3E 041 -,)0)-*/ /)7)02 63, 23)/ *'( 1-32C '-0)3'2 [1-*.21 23)/2 36 &'()* 4*:1 /3E1, O`c 933/ 04*' 041), -*9*-)0C *2 (101,7)'1( BC 041 -/)7*01 *'( 1-3/3+)-*/ 6*-03,2 041,1 )2 * /*,+1 2)'N -*9*-)0C 63, * ,)- c` =41 2)'N -*9*-)0C -*' B1 6)//1( 04,3.+4-3':1,2)3' 03 *,1203,*0):1 /*'(.21 *'( *(39 0)3' 36!W^2 3' *+,)-./0.,*/ 23)/2 c*,b3' 21G.1201,1( )' 23)/ *'( 0,112 )2 * 7*, N10*B/1-3773()0C =,*()'+ c -,1()02 04, ' 1,*0)'+ *'3041, )' ,1*7 3661,2 *' 3993,0.')0C =.-N1, ^1,223' *'( %J*, 03 *(390 '1E 01-4'3/3+C *'( )':120 )',1203,*0)3' 36 23)/ *'( 1':),3'71'0 c3773()6)-*0)3' )/ B)30)- c ):1/C.21 c 2)'N -*9*-)0C 36 01,,120,)*/ B)32941,1 E3./( (191'( 3' )':3/:)'+ )'(.20,C a34'23' *'( _1)'1' *'( 391,*0)3'*/)J*0)3' c/1*' Z1 :1/3971'0 W1-4*')27 czw lc303 ^,303-3/ O-4/*7*()'+1, *'( W*,/*'( =.-N1, Z)*N3./*N) *'( f)3,+)3' Z1:1/3971'0 36 c 7*,N10 9,3:)(12 1-3'37)- )'-1'0):12 ^1,223' et al K4)/1 6*,71,2 /*'( 7*'*+1,2 )' (1:1/391( -3.'0,)12 -*' 0,*(1 c 04,3.+4 3,+*')J*0)3' 2.-4 *2

8 a`s!b%$ `T =_] &bz&%b O`c&]=5 `T O`&$ Oc&]bc] de3/ Fig. 10. S2)'+ 73(1,' 01-4'3/3+C 03 *((,122 23)/,1/*01( ) '0.,C %(*901( 6,37 $*/ B c4)-*+3 c/)7*01 ]U-4*'+1 *'( ].,391*' ]U-4*' )' (1:1/39)'+ -3.'0,)12 4*:1 */23 *' 390)3' 03 ( ,3.+4 )'01,'*0)3'*/ 3,+*')J*0)3'2 K3,/( [*'N Conclusion Z129)01 :*20 23)/,123.,-12 * E)(1,*' /)7*012 )''3:*0):1 6*,71,2 E)04 n-*' (3 n *00)0.(1 *'( *:*)/*B)/)0C 36 4)+4 -*/)B,1,121*,-4 *'( 1U01'2)3' 2.993,0 21,:)-12 *+,3'37)- 9,3(.-0)3' )' &'()* )2 1)041, (1-/)')'+ 3, 20*+'*'0 =41,1+,122):1 0,1'( )2 *00,)B.01( 03 (1-/)'1 )' G.*/)0C 36 23)/ *'( E*01,,1 23.,-12 *00,)B.01( 03 1U0,*-0):1 6*,7)'+ 9,*-0)-12 *'( /3E )-)1'-C 36 61,0)/)J1, *'( E*01, &' *(()0)3' 03-3':1'0)3'*/ )79,3:1( 01-4'3/3+C e.g. -3'21,:* 0)3' 0)//*+1 932)0):1 '.0,)1'0 B*/*'-1 (,)9 2.B),,)+*0)3' 7*'.,)' ,1 )2 * :* '0)*/ (1,' )''3:*0)3'2 )'-/.()'+ '*'301-4'3/3+C B)301-4'3/3+C )'63,7*0)3' 01-4'3/3+C *'( 2C'1,+)27 *73' =,*()'+ -,1()02 36 c 21G.1201,1( )' 23)/2 *'( B)30* 3661,2 *' 3993,0.')0C ):1/C.0)/)J1 01,,120,)*/ 2)'N -*9*-)0C *'( -,1*01 *'3041, )' , ,37301 *(390)3' 36 )''3:*0): '3/3+C References %//1' ]*,/! W)'+ Z3.+/*2 K _322'1, $/3C(! _1'')'+1, Z3'*/( $ *'( f*/)'(3 c4*,/)1 f,3e04 *'( '.0,)1'0.90*N1 36 E41*0 )' c/)'3903/) *01,3-N 2.B20,*012 Agronomy Journal 87

9 h O`&$O %bz &bz&% O T``Z O]cS!&=5 [*(+/1C c*041,)'1 W3+40*(1, a1,17c o.)'01,3 ])/11' L*N17 ]7)/C c4*991// W a*4) %:)/1p2 e*pjg.1j l*0)* O*7./3' %'(,1* *'( ^1,61-03 &:1001 `,+*')- *+,)-./0.,1 *'( 041 +/3B*/ 633( 2.99/C Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22 [*'(*,. e*,*9,*2*( O01E*,0 [ % [*.74*,(0! $ %7B*0) O*0)24!3B)'23' c % *'( O-4/1+1/ %/*' f,3e (,C/*'( +,*)' 23,+4.7 )' -/.792 *'(,1(.-1 :1+10*0)3' +,3E04 *'( )'-,1*21 C)1/( Agronomy Journal 98 [1'B) Z l [,*, W O *'( [*'2*/ O l ](2 Balanced Fertilization for Sustaining Crop Production &'01,'*0)3'*/ ^30*24 &'20)0.01 _3,+1' OE)0J1,/*'( 99 [4*00*-4*,CC* = ^*/ Z l $*/ O c4*'(,*' ^ *'(!*C O l T3,7*0)3' *'( 91,2)201'-1 36 W3//)23/2 3' J13/)0)- Z1--*' B*2*/ )( 0,39) -*/ &'()* Oeoderma 136 [3,/*.+ b T11()'+ * 4.'+,C E3,/( Science 318 [,*, [ O *'( O)'+4 W esoil Puality, Crop Productivity and Sustainability: Experiences Under Long-Term Maize-Wheat-Cowpea Cropping Sequences in Inceptisol!121*,-4 [.//10)' Z19*,0 71'0 36 O3)/2 ^.'8*B %+,)-./0.*/ S'):1,2)0C $.(4)*'* ^.'8*B &'()* 99 c3'n/)' %! a, *'( O0)/E1// = c World Food: Production and Use K)/1C O3'2 &'- _3B3N1' ba SO% 99 Z)*N3./*N) Z *'( f13,+)3. ^% 7./0) -,)01,)* *9 9,3*-4 03 )(1'0)6C )':12071'0 3993,0.')0)12 63, 041 1U9/3)0*0)3' c/1*' Z1:1/3971'0 W1-4*')27 Energy Policy 35 ]/(1, O The hungry planet Wational Oeographic Magazine a.'1 ]'+1/7*'! *'( $1!3C ^ Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies ^39./*0)3' %-0)3' &'01,'*0)3'*/ K*24 )'+03' Zc 99 ]'+1/7*'! *'( $1!3C ^ Conserving Land: Population and Sustainable Food Production, ^39./*0)3' %-0)3' &'01,'*0)3'*/ K*24)'+03' Zc 99 T%` Land Degradation in South Asia: Its Severity, Causes and Effects upon the People World Soil Resources Report 78 T%`!371 &0*/C 99 T%` Production Yearbook in Agriculture T%`!371 &0*/C T3.G.10! =41 -*,B3' 0,*()'+ +*71 Climate Policy 3 f.90*! *'( O*C,1 l c3'21,:*0)3' *+,)-./0.,1 )' O3.04 %2)* Journal of Agricultural Sciences 145 _*,()' f Population, Evolution and Birth Control: A Collage of Controversial Ideas K _ T,11 7*' *'( c3 O*' T,*'-)2-3 '( ]()0)3' 99 a*)' _ lfrom seeds to soils and water: The next milestone O3.:1'), &%!& b1e Z1/4) &' ()* a34'23' ] *'( _1)'1'! c*,b3' 0,*()'+ 0)71 63, )'(.20,C )':3/:171'0 Environmental International 30 $*(4* a l Z*E1 Z ^*04*N _ ^*(,1 % = 5*(*:! $ [)8*C O)'+4 5*(:)'(1, O)'+4 O)'+4 5 O)'+4 ^ l.'(. % $ O*N*/!!*7 b!1+7) % ^ f*7) O l [4*'(*,) % $ %7)'! 5*(*: c! [4*00*,*) ] W Z*2 O %++*,E*/ _ ^ f.90*! l *'( _3BB2 ^! _3E 1U01'2):1 *,1 C)1/( (1-/)'12 )' /3'+ 01,7,)-1 E41*0 1U91,) 71'02 )' %2)*k Field Crops Research 81 $*/! * c3'20,*)'02 03 *(390)'+ '3 0)// 6*,7)'+ )' (1:1/39)'+ -3.'0,)12 Soil and Tillage Research 94 $*/! B S241,)'+ 23)/ 2-)1'-1 )' ' 0.,C CSA Wews 52 W*+(.66 T]-3/3+)-*/ *+,)-./0.,1 9,)'-)9/12 9,*- 0)-12 *'( -3'20,*)'02 Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22 W*,0)' c! *'( O)EC L O$1*,')'+ 6,37 '*0.,1M2 E*C B)321'2)'+ E)04 2C'0410)- '*'393,12 Science 317 W.N439*(4C*C O O K1*041,)' )/ 7)'1,*/2 *'( ()20,)B.0)3' 36 1/171'02 91(3-417)-*/ * Clay Research 24 ^*)' % l&'()*' *+,)-./0.,1 =41 9,121'0 2-1'*,)3 Agrarian Crisis in India: An Overview % l ^*)' ]( 99 =41 &ct%& ^,122 _C(1,*B*( &'()* ^*/ Z l [4*00*-4*,CC* =!*C O l c4*'(,*' ^ O,):*20*:* ^ Z.,+1 O $ *'( [4.21 O! O)+')6)-*' )/ 73()6)1,2 c* J13/)012 *'( +C9 2.7 )' '*0.,*//C (1+,*(1( e1,0)23/ ^1'')'2./*, &'()* )',1(16)')' ()- 23)/2 Oeoderma 136 ^1'+ O [3.7*' [ % W e)291,*2! W c*20*r1(* % b)1 $)U)*3 ^*,N _3'+ lc. c379*,)23' B1 0E11' *1,3B)- *'( 6/33(1(,)-1 )' 041 0,39)-2 *+,3 '37)- 91,63,7*'-1 )' *' 1)+40 21*23' 1U91,)71'0 Field Crops Research 96 ^1,223' = % *'( %J*, c%//3-*0)3' 36 c` 17)2 2)3' 91,7)02 ]-3'37)- )'-1'0):12 63, 17)22)3',1

10 a`s!b%$ `T =_] &bz&%b O`c&]=5 `T O`&$ Oc&]bc] de3/ (.-0)3'2 )' (1:1/39)'+ -3.'0,)12 Energy Policy 34 ^3'( K f *'( W.7903' T % ](2 [eo-agriculture: Use of Watural [eolites in Agriculture K120:)1E ^,122 [3./(1, c` 99 ^,*2*(! Sustaining Indian Agriculture Souvenir &'()*' %+,)-./0.,*/!121*,-4 &'20) 0.01 b1e Z1/4) &'()*!*7*'*04*' e c,.0j1' ^ a 10 */ %1,323/2 -/) 7*01 *'( 041 4C(,3/3+)- -C-/1 Science 294 O-4/*7*()'+1, [ *'( W*,/*'( f=41 lc303 ^,3 03-3/ ^,3:)2)3'2 *'(.',123/:1( )22.12,1/1:*'0 03 /*'(.21-4*'+1 *'( 63,120,C Environmental Science and Policy 1 O1N43' f Ob.0,)1'0 '11(2 36 ),,)+*01( 633( -,392 )' &'()* *'(,1/*01( )22.12 Plant Wutrient Weeds, Supply, Efficiency and Policy Issues a O l*'e*, *'( a c l*0c*/ ](2 b*0)3'*/ %-*( 17C 36 %+,)-./0.,*/ O-)1'-12 b1e Z1/4) &'()* =4.,3E! *'( O3/373' a Want amid plenty, an Indian Paradox: bumper harvests and rising hunger K*// O0,110 a3.,'*/ a.'1 =.-N1, W =,*()'+ -*,B3' 0,*(*B/ '(1, lc303m2 c/1*' Z1:1/3971'0 W1-4*')27 = '37)- *(:*'0*+1 03 B.C1,2 *'( 21//1, )'+ -*// 390)3'2 Ecological Economics 2 SOZ% Food Security Assessment %+,)-./0.,1 *'( =,*(1!193,02 SOZ% ]!O ft% K*24)'+03' Z c 99 e1'n*0*,*7*' c _*B)B f ])+.,1' T1,'*'(1J % W)+.1/ % _ *'( T,)1(/*'(1, O l!12)(1' 0)*/ B)36.1/2 )' O3.04 %2)* c*,b3'*-13.2 *1,323/ 17)22)3'2 *'( -/)7*01 )79*-02 Science 307 e)00*/ bindia: Technology and Vision of the Future =41 &ct%& S'): ^,122 _C(1,*B*( &'()* 99 K*/(7*' % Poor in India starve as surplus wheat rots b1e 53,N =)712 Z1-17B1, K3,/( [*'N BioCarbon Fund K3,/( [*'N K*24 )'+03' Z c

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