Mobile systems: an overview

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1 Mobile systems: an overview History A GSM Primer Packets over the air Going wideband Towards an all IP network Observations

2 Mobile Networks: the history

3 Mobile Business Evolution New mobile businesses Wideband/multimedia Basic mobile telephony Services Network 1980:s 1990:s 2000:s 1st 2nd rd generation generation 3generation analogue digital wideband new machine, same business new machine, new business

4 The Cellular evolution Not the whole story: - Dedicated packet NW (CDPD, Mobitex, ) - Satellite systems - Private LMR systems - Etc 3G GSM/UMTS CDMA2000 1G 2G NMT TACS AMPS GPRS IS-95 D-AMPS GSM PPDC PDC Additional wireless access technologies: - BlueTooth - WLAN - LMDS - Etc

5 Evolution to 3G / IMT-2000 TDMA (ANSI-41) / CDPD EDGE Existing Spectrum GSM (MAP) GPRS WCDMA New Spectrum PDC / PDC-P cdmaone (ANSI-41) cdma2000 1X cdma2000 3X Existing Spectrum 2G 28.8 Kb/s First step into 3G Kb/s 3G phase Kb/s - 2 Mb/s 3G Real Time IP 384 Kb/s - 2 Mb/s

6 User Data-rate Requirements UMTS 2 M Bit/s GSM GSM k 100 k Bit/s Voice 1 M Mobile office Graphics Text Video High quality Medium quality 1 k Messaging SMS

7 Mobile Subscribers by Technology and Regions EMEA Asia Latin North Total %Change Pacific America America GSM % CDMA % TDMA % Other (digital*) % Other (analog**) % Total % Change 66% 44% 109% 28% 53% * includes PDC, PHS & ESMR ** includes AMPS, TACS & NMT SOURCE Ericsson LME/DMI Oct, 1999

8 New Ericsson forecast 1, Rest of the world Subscribers (in million) Latin America Asia Pacific (excl. Japan) Western Europe Japan (excl. PHS) North America

9 Service Evolution The power of Mobility

10 Current Status of NTT DoCoMo i-mode (as of 21 May. 00) i-mode subscribers 6,923,929 Application Alliance Partners 491 companies (Among them, 265 are financial firms) Corporate Use Intranet and VPN Packages already available (More than 20 I-mode based intranet-package are available now) 11,888 voluntary i-mode internet web sites, including 20+ search engines!

11 A GSM Primer

12 About GSM TDMA technology, 8 timeslots per 200 khz carrier One new GSM subscriber every second 109 countries committed to GSM Over 200 networks on air; 239 operators committed 75 million GSM subscribers at the end of million GSM subscribers by the end of July million GSM subscribers by the year 2001 International roaming Dual-band roaming, GSM systems SIM-card roaming, GSM 1900 to GSM systems, in operation on 4 continents World Phone, GSM , in 1998 GSM 1900-AMPS phone in 1998

13 2065 T Countries Committed to GSM July 1998 Countries committed

14 User Eqm. SIM GSM Reference model (simplified) TE MT ME Um Radio Access NW BTS BTS BSS Abis BSC A MSC MSC E G MSC MSC VLR VLR F EIR EIR Core NW SCF SCF D C HLR HLR SMS- SMS- IWMSC IWMSC SMS- SMS- GMSC GMSC GMSC GMSC H AUC AUC SC SC Co-operating Networks ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN PDN: - Intranet - Extranet - Internet - X.25 Note: Not all interfaces shown and named

15 Packets over the air

16 GPRS background General Packet Radio Service Time Division Multiple Access as GSM, but a mobile can use more than one slot Shared radio channel: true packet oriented service Adds a new IP-oriented core network Upgrades the radio network with data-optimized air interface protocols Full flexibility: any time slot can carry any sort of traffic Comparable other standards: CDPD D-AMPS/EDGE Packet PDC IS-95B

17 User Eqm. SIM GSM Reference model (simplified) TE MT ME Um Radio Access NW BTS BTS BSS Abis BSC A Gb MSC MSC E G MSC MSC VLR VLR F EIR EIR Gf SGSN SGSN Gn Gr Core NW SCF SCF D C HLR HLR SMS- SMS- IWMSC IWMSC SMS- SMS- GMSC GMSC H Gn, Gp GMSC GMSC GGSN GGSN AUC AUC SC SC Gi Co-operating Networks ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN PDN: - Intranet - Extranet - Internet - X.25 SGSN SGSN Note: Not all interfaces shown and named

18 Going wideband...

19 UMTS background WCDMA radio Up to 384 kbit/s wide area Up to 2 Mbit/s locally Variable bit rate Multiple flows to the same terminal Wireless Internet, and Wireless Multimedia! UMTS: Universal Mobile Telephony System WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

20 User Eqm. SIM UMTS/GSM Reference model (simplified) USIM Cu TE MT ME TE MT ME Um Uu Radio Access NW BTS BTS BSS BTS BTS UTRAN Abis RNS Iub RNS Iub BSC RNC Iur RNC A Iu Iu Gb MSC MSC E G MSC MSC VLR VLR F EIR EIR Gf SGSN SGSN Gn SGSN SGSN Gr Core NW SCF SCF D C HLR HLR SMS- SMS- IWMSC IWMSC SMS- SMS- GMSC GMSC H Gn, Gp GMSC GMSC GGSN GGSN AUC AUC SC SC Gi Note: Not all interfaces shown and named Co-operating Networks ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN PDN: - Intranet - Extranet - Internet - X.25

21 UMTS data rates end user view EDGE/ WCDMA photo report video clip HSCSD/ GPRS web photo report video clip PSTN web photo report video clip Original GSM web photo report video clip 0 10 sec 1 min 10 min 1 hour Transmission Time Source HADDEN TELECOMS Ltd.

22 3GPP Rel99 Bearer services Traffic class Conversational class conversational RT Streaming class streaming RT Interactive class Interactive best effort Background Background best effort Fundamental characteristics Example of the application Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay ) Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream Request response pattern Preserve payload content Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time Preserve payload content - voice - streaming video - Web browsing - background download of s

23 Towards an All IP network

24 Towards an All IP Network Drivers Cost Efficiency Hype IP Service Flexibility Building for the future

25 GSM/UMTS Services Evolution N-ISDN Services Domain Telecom Circuit mode Voice Circuit mode multimedia (e.g. Video Telephony) Datacom IP Services Domain VoIP (mass service) IP based Datacom/Appl. & Multimedia

26 An All IP Network New and enhanced bearers. IP transport IP transport for CS-mode services GSM EDGE WCDMA New applications & terminal capabilities GPRS (PS domain) Cellular Telephony (CS domain) Improved Access independent Services/Content Internet xdsl CATV E-net WLAN Wireline Multiple accesses to common services RT multimedia services: - Voice, visual, text rather than explain!

27 Multiplexing principles for bandwidth efficiency Example: PPP Multiplexing with header compression IP Voice Packet 1 UDP RTP Speech frame IP Voice Packet N UDP RTP Speech frame Header compression IP UDP L2TP ML-PPP LI CH Speech frame LI CH Speech frame L2TP-Tunnel PPP-Session in a L2TP tunnel MGW MGW IP Core Network

28 IP-BSS Radio Access NW Architecture NTP LDAP RN Server DNS DHCP BTS GW MSC Proc. SS7 TRX TRX TRX IP Transc Transc MGW SGSN O & M Support Systems Signaling Payload

29 3GPP reference model, partitioning Packet core GGSN Other PLMN R Alternative Access Network Uu SGSN Gn Gp TE MT ERAN R Um TE MT UTRAN Iu 1 = Iucs (RTP, AAL2) Iu 2 = Iu(RANAP) Iu-ps' Iu Applications & Services *) SCP CAP Iu 1 Iu 2 HSS *) EIR Gr Gf SGSN MGW Mc MSC server Mh Gc Cx Gn Gi Nb Legacy mobile signaling Network Nc R-SGW Ms CSCF GGSN Mr MRF Gi Mw Gi Mg CSCF Mm MGCF MGW GMSC server Gi Mc Mc Multimedia Multimedia IP Networks T-SGW *) PSTN/ Legacy/External T-SGW *) Radio access Signalling Interface Applications & Services *) Signalling and Data Transfer Interface MAP HSS *) Mh MAP R-SGW *) *) those elements are duplicated for figure layout purpose only, they belong to the same logical element in the reference model Legacy CS support

30 An All IP Network Implementation Servers (MSC/HLR/GSN/ ) Service Network RNC RNS MGW MGW RNC RNS BS BS Other IP hosts/networks

31 Ericsson IP/ATM Products AXI 510 Edge IP router AXI 540 Aggregation IP Router AXI 520 Gigabit IP router AXD 301 ATM core switch Up to 160 Gbps Integrated MPLS and telephony support AXC 512 Tigris, Access Server WDM (Erion) DXX/DXC AXD 301 AXI 520

32 Observations

33 Culture clash Good Idea 1: Standardise first, then implement when we know we agree (ETSI, and others) Good Idea 2: Implement first, then standardise when we know it works (IETF) How do we solve that?

34 Necessary properties Extreme reliability node or network redundancy? nonstop operation: HW and SW upgrade without service interruption SW related performance issues previously: signaling, O&M now: payload

35 Real time? Soft RT Payload, ms range System as a whole missing a deadline is bad for the call, but does not break the system Hard RT individual protocol state machines, s range failure to meet deadline => call broken system state transition

36 Research challenges Develop scheduling theory and algorithms for: system of co-operating systems interlinked state machines variable capacity links variable topology I.e., is there something like Rate Monotonic Scheduling for packet switched networks? QoS: how do we meet expectations? Security: simple to use, yet safe?

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