What is a Network? A connection of two or more computers so that they can share resources.

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1 NETWORKS

2 What is a Network? A connection of two or more computers so that they can share resources.

3 Network Benefits Remote access Sharing files & resources Communication Cost Maintenance

4 Communication Channels Twisted Pair Cables Coaxial Cables Fibre Optic Cables Wireless

5 Common Types of Networks LAN MAN WAN

6 LAN Local Area Network Covers a Small geographical area Examples: School Home Office Building

7 MAN Metropolitan Area Network Larger geographical area confined to a city/town Examples: NCIVS connected to Lambton College Office on opposite sides of town that are connected

8 WAN Wide Area Network Large geographical area Example: Lambton College connected to Fanshawe in London Global Corporation (i.e. Ford) Internet

9 LAN Types Peer-to-Peer Client Server

10 Peer to Peer Network In a peer-to-peer network, each computer holds its files and resources. Computers can share these resources (i.e. printer) Computer must be turned on to share resource

11 Client / Server Networking A computer network is referred to as client/server if (at least) one of its computers is used to "serve" other computers referred to as "clients".

12 Servers A computer that offers services on a network. Common types of Servers: Print Server File Server Web Server Database Server Proxy Server Domain Server

13 Network Topologies The physical or logical organization of computers on the LAN Examples: Bus Ring Star Extended Star Mesh Hybrid

14 Linear / Bus One trunk line T connectors off the trunk Trunk usually coaxial Twisted pair off to nodes (i.e. PC, printer) Limited to 500 meters Max 100 nodes per segment Max 4 repeaters allowed to increase to 2500 meters and 488 nodes

15 Linear / Bus (Cont d) Advantages Inexpensive to install Easy to add stations Uses less cable than other topologies Works well for small networks Disadvantages No longer recommended Backbone breaks, whole network goes down Limited # of devices Difficult to isolate problems Sharing same cable slows response rate

16 Ring No beginning or end All devices share equal access In a single ring, data travels in only one direction Each device waits for it s turn to transmit Most common is Token Ring

17 Ring Cont d Advantage Data packets travel at great speed No collisions of data Easier to find faults No terminators required Disadvantage Requires more cable than a bus A break in ring will bring down the network Not as common as the bus less devices available

18 Star Like a star configuration Has lots of applications in the real world networks Used mostly in networks today Center point is the hub Each device needs its own cable to the hub

19 Star Cont d Advantages Easy to add devices as the network expands One cable failure does not bring down the entire network Easy to locate problems Can be upgraded to faster speeds Lots of support available (most popular) Disadvantages Initial cost to setup More cable needed

20 Extended Star A star network which has been expanded to include an additional hub/switch or hubs/switchs

21 Mesh

22 Mesh Cont d Not common on LANs Most often used in WANs to interconnect LANS Each node is connected to every other node Allows communication to continue in the event of a break in any one connection It is Fault Tolerant

23 Mesh Topology Cont d Advantages Improves Fault Tolerance Disadvantages Expensive Difficult to install Difficult to manage Difficult to troubleshoot

24 Hybrid Combo of two or more topologies Does not resemble one of the standard topologies

25 Hybrid Topology (2) Old networks are updated and replaced, leaving older segments (legacy) Commonly Star-Bus or Star-Ring Star-Ring uses a MAU (Multistation Access Unit

26 Network Hardware Network Interface Card (NIC) Hubs Switches Bridges Routers Gateways Repeater Firewall

27 Network Interface Card A plug-in expansion card with a connection for a network cable, or an antenna for wireless transmission Every device connected to the network requires one Signal can be sent via a fixed cable, infra red, or radio waves

28 Hubs network device that is used for connecting computers on a Local Area Network Broadcasts all the data it receives to all of its ports.

29 Switches A switch is a network device that selects a path or circuit for sending a unit of data to its next destination. The switch stores the address of all devices that are directly or indirectly connected on each port.

30 Bridges A hardware device that joins two networks together. Can combine smaller independent networks into single large one Downside: If one LAN is busy, data is sent to all other LANs and therefore they slow down as well NOTE: Both networks must be using the same protocol.

31 Routers Used to connect networks together Tracks how many devices are connected to each network Tracks where each device is on the network (i.e. PC, printer, server) Only sends data to network if destined hardware is on that network

32 Routers (cont d) When a data packet arrives, the router does the following: Reads the data packet's destination address Looks up all the paths it has available to get to that address. Checks on how busy each path is at the moment Sends the packet along the least congested (fastest) path.

33 Wireless Router Using radio frequency, performs the same function as a wired router

34 Gateways Combination of hardware & software Makes possible communication between different data formats Similar to a translation service Example: Will allow a mainframe and PC to communicate. Without gateway communication would not be possible Similar as speaking two different languages with an interpreter between people so they understand

35 Repeater Extends the distance of a network by amplifying the signals between physically distant networks

36 Firewall A dedicated security device that prevents unauthorized access Prevents hackers, viruses, etc. Blocks data according to rules set in the configuration

37 Intranet A Private network designed using internet technology Intranets are company owned networks Not accessible from the outside the company

38 Protocols The rules that preside over network data transmission Needed due to the different types of network Example: TCP/IP used on the internet and many LANs Appletalk used on Macintosh networks

39 Internet (TCP/IP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) guarantees the delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent Internet Protocol (IP) packet-based protocol for delivering data across networks Every machine on the internet has a unique IP address

40 IP Addresses Private Local usually start *.* Public are visible to the public Traceable??? Using sites like VisualRoute. You can sometimes find the physical location of a computer. Such as Try VisualRoute to find a web server.

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