Examination. IP routning på Internet och andra sammansatta nät, DD2491 IP routing in the Internet and other complex networks, DD2491
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1 Examination IP routning på Internet och andra sammansatta nät, DD2491 IP routing in the Internet and other complex networks, DD2491 Date: October 21st :00 13:00 a) No help material is allowed You are not allowed to use dictionaries, books, or calculators! b) You may answer questions in English or Swedish. c) Questions are not sorted according to level of difficulty d) Max is 44 points. 22 points is required to pass. e) Course responsible is Olof Hagsand, phone
2 1. Peering relations (3p) Peering relations between autonoumous systems in an Internet often falls into the following three roles: 1. Transit 2. Peer 3. Customer Describe each role from the perspective of an ISP (Internet Service Provider): How do they differ with respect to routing protocols and policies? 2. BGP: Terminology (3p) Give brief descriptions of each: 1. What is next-hop self? 2. What is BGP multi-path? 3. What is BGP multi-hop? 3. BGP: Inside a router (5p) The routing model for BGP is based on several RIBs (Routing Information Bases): Adj-In Rib, Local-RIB, Adj-Out Rib. This model is central for the decision process and for policy decisions in BGP. It is also central for how routes are announced and withdrawn. Describe the BGP routing process model: What are the roles of the different RIBs? Where are policies applied? Where is the decision process applied? How are routes announced and withdrawn? Draw a picture and explain using the picture. Also, in what way does the route refresh capability change this model? 4. Attributes (3p) Describe how MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator) can be used to control traffic. In which situations can it be used? What are its limitations (when can it not be used)?
3 5. BGP and IGP (6p) X / A / /30.1 B.2 C / / /30 D Y E Regard the network in the figure consisting of routers, links and IP subnetworks. There are four routers A-D within an AS and two external routers X and Y. E is a network reachable via Y. IBGP full mesh is configured between routers A-D and OSPF is chosen as internal protocol without areas. Further, transit data traffic to E flows from X to Y via B-A- C. 1) Via which peering relations is E announced from Y to X internally in the AS? (1p) 2)Write down an example routing table in A with all information necessary to reach E (e.g. Not only to E, but also routes necessary to make recursive lookup). Routes should include (at least) prefix, nexthop and protocol. (2p) Suppose now that the link between A and C goes down. 3) Draw the new routing table in A after the routing tables have converged after the break. Again, the routing table should include all information necessary to reach E.(1p) 4)What happens with the BGP peering between A and C when the link goes down? (1p) 5)Is the way the announcement of E from Y to X changed when the link goes down, and if so how? (1p) 6. IBGP (5p) There is a basic announcement rule in BGP saying that routes received over an IBGP peering shall not be re-announced over another IBGP peering. Why is there such a rule? What would happen if the rule was not there? What are the primary consequences of this rule? Which methods exist to counter the negative consequences of this rule?
4 7. Route reflection (5p) A X B C Y D Regard the internal network in the figure consisting of the four routers A- D. X and Y are external peers. The lines represent physical links. Assume you setup BGP on all routers with external peering between X-B and C-Y. You also design a route reflector cluster consisting of routers A, C and D, where A is a route reflector and C and D are clients. Assume also routers A and D have external peering (not shown in the picture). 1. Which BGP peerings do C have? (1p) 2. Describe how announcements from X is announced internally in the network (to all routers A-D). Do the same for announcements from Y (1p) 3. Are there any sub-optimal routing decisions that may be made with this configuration? If so, describe one. (1p) 4. Now change the cluster so that both A and D are route reflectors and C is a client of both. How does this change the distribution of announcements within the AS? (1p) 5. Route reflectors A and D may either have the same or different cluster id:s. What is the difference between the two methods? (1p)
5 8. Security and BGP (8p) You have the AS topology as shown in the figure and are announcing /20. Of this network /24 and /24 are assigned to your customers AS4 and AS5. The nearby topology looks like the following picture, where a an arrow points towards an AS providing transit for another. For example, AS50 provides transit for AS2, AS 100 and AS 2 provides transit for each other and AS1 and AS2 are peering. Transit providers accept announcements for customer AS (including underlying AS). Customers are expected to announce their AS and all their customers upwards. Peers are expected only to peer their own
6 networks and their customer networks. Updates from a peer are not reannounced. 1. Explain how you would setup prefix filters and packet filters in AS1 in this configuration? You can assume you know the prefixes owned by each AS in the map from RIPE or a similar database. (2p) An attacker has taken control of all the BGP routers in another AS and is targeting your AS. 2. (Blackholing) The attacker is in AS3. Explain how he can redirect as much of your traffic as possible to AS3 and drop it. Also explain which AS will be impacted by this attack and which AS are safe. (1p) 3. (Redirection) The attacker is in AS2. Explain how he can redirect all your internet traffic to come over AS60, 70, 80, 90, 100 instead of the shortest path (AS10, 20, 30, 40). (1p) 4. (Subversion) The attacker is in AS2. Explain how he can force your traffic to transit AS2 and then enter your AS from one of your Transit providers. Also explain which methods he can use to make it harder to detect this attack using tools such as traceroute. (1p) 5. (Instability) The attacker is in AS90. Explain how he can disturb your routing and cause outages for you. Also explain which AS you think his attack will impact. (1p) 6. Explain how SBGP or SoBGP (choose one) can prevent each of these attacks. You may assume that the security framework is completely implemented and that all AS are using it. (2p)
7 9. 4-byte AS numbers (3p) Establishing new independent AS:s have grown rapidly in recent years. This has resulted in a shortage of AS numbers. Therefore longer, 4-byte, AS-numbers have been standardized and added as a new capability in BGP. This new capability is currently being deployed in the Internet. An issue with this deployment is how to handle old implementations that do not handle 4-byte AS. Explain how this has been solved in the case of the AS-PATH attribute. That is, how can old AS_PATHs with only 2-byte AS numbers co-exist with new AS_PATHs which allow 4-byte AS numbers? 10.VPNs (3p) A VPN (Virtual Private Network) comes in many variants. In this course we have studied provider-based VPNs, and we have labbed both L2VPNs (actually the correct term is VPWS for Virtual Private Wire Service) and L3VPNs. 1. In L3VPN, a border router (PE-router) exchange routes with a customer router (CE-router)? Which routing protocol(s) is used for CE-PE routing? (1p) 2. What mechanism in the routers are used to isolate the customer routing tables from global and other customer routing tables? (1p) 3. When customer routes are exported into the main L3VPN routing table, how are the customer routes made unique? (1p)
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