Introduction to the Wireless IP Basic concepts MOWGLI WAP. NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 1
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1 Wireless IP Marko Ovaska 1998 Introduction to the Wireless IP Basic concepts MOWGLI WAP NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 1
2 Levels of analysis in this presentation Products Wireless local network Markets wireless LANs Specifications, RFCs, draft specs Wireless LAN: IEEE , (MobileIP), WAP, Mowgli Protocols MOWGLI, WAP protocols Principles, Requirements wireless environment NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 2
3 Wireless IP Wireless environment networks mobility Internet protocol in wireless environment Non-tcp/ip solutions Mowgli WAP NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 3
4 Wireless Networking Wireless networking is the basic obstacle to be solved for the mobile computing Wireless media has different characteristics than the current wired networks Data networking protocols are optimized for the current wired networks The protocols are not efficient in the wireless environments Wireless network can be categorized to: Wireless LAN s IEEE Wireless WAN s GSM, GPRS, CDPD, CDMA, PHS, DoCoMo, Ricochet Microcell Bluetooth NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 4
5 Wireless Network The wireless network properties differ from the wireline one latency : round-trip 2 ms normal tcp buffer size: 8KB, some W-WAN s latency*bandwidth exceeds this GSM: 0.7 s with one byte packet extra kilo adds round trip time 0.6 seconds per kilo tcp throughput is related to latency: high latency, low throughput interactive applications suffer from long latency times jitter error rate non-transparency data connection in GSM offers less than 10-8 bit error rate however this results in highly variable transmission delays example: 10Mbs LAN has an average of below 10-9 bit error rate throughput: wireless networks could be characterized "thin unexpected disconnections will the underlying protocol support recovery? NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 5
6 Mobility The mobile wireless networking architecture a wireless mobile device (mobile node) a wireless link a base station (access point) a wireline link and landline internet Wireless mobile device a laptop, cellular phone, personal communicator different communication needs: office workstation vs cellular phone vs pager transmission: packet data vs circuit switched level of mobility travels from home network to foreign network full mobility, roaming from network to network Wireless link can consist of several hops Base station is an intermediating agent connects the mobile device to wirelined world, acts as a proxy NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 6
7 Wireless components Internet (HER, MGBR) Mobile node NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 7
8 Fi leed itlo catev iew Top olog y Hel p Ne Tra twork fic Help Mo un t % 437 / File Edit Loca tevie wto polo gy H elp Netw Trafi ork c He lpm oun t % / File Edit Loca tevie wto polo gy H elp Netw Trafi ork c File Edit Loca tevie wto polo gy H elp He Netw Trafi lpm oun t % / ork c He lpm oun t % / Fi leed itlo catev iew Top olog y Hel p Ne Tra twork fic Help Mo un t % 437 / Fi leed itlo catev iew Top olog y Hel p Ne Tra twork fic Help Mo un t % 437 / Typical IP network architecture ADSL PSTN/ISDN, (PR) PC GSM PC HUB/SWITCH ACCESS ROUTER PC SWITCH/ROUTER PC (BOR,MRR) EDGE ROUTER PC HUB/SWITCH (MRR, HER, MGBR) ACCESS SERVER PC Internet (HER, MGBR) Mobile node NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 8
9 Internet Protocol Internet protocols are optimized for megabit per second wireline connections Wireless networking solutions unrelated to IP WAP, Mowgli, SNOOP solutions on the top of the IP MobileIP, optimized IP and TCP, modified TCP researched: LEO and GEO satellite links IP packets checksum might not be strong enough PPP has 16-bit CRC IP is end-to-end protocol designed to operate in a rather homogenous network NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 9
10 IP cont. Purely IP based wireless internet Link layer enchangements: forward error correction retransmissions improved error detection MobileIP solves the addressing and routing problem Path MTU discovery helps to set more optimized end-to-end TCP might be heavy solution to tackle the wireless problem lightweight mobile devices: communication needs versus protocol overhead Compatibility is a strong need NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 10
11 TCP/IP cont. TCP optimization slow start termination/modification how will the networks congestion propagate, if slow start is abandoned? Increased initial sending window TCP header compression IP payload compression some or most of the data is already compressed files transferred over ftp, published pictures in web fast retransmit and fast recovery multiple ACKs notify the sender to adjust the send window and initiate fast retransmissions of the lost packet scheduling in TCP fairness: fair queuing, class-based queues throughput NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 11
12 Wireless LAN Wireless LAN specified in IEEE spec Guarantees multi hardware vendor interoperability Main features: Robust Data acknowledgement, RTS/CTS, data fragmentation Multi channel roaming. Allows multiple cells resulting in higher capasitity Power management Automatic rate selection from 1Mbps to 2Mbps Security WEP (wired equivalent privacy) NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 12
13 Wireless LAN architecture Cell consists of work stations and an access point Access points are interconnected via distribution system (ethernet) The interconnected network forms an extended service set Portal connects different 802 based LAN s NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 13
14 Wireless LAN architecture MAC similar to IEEE (Ethernet) Offers common access to three physical layer interfaces Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Infrared Medium access control layer DSSS PHY FHSS PHY IR PHY NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 14
15 Wireless LAN architecture MAC features message fragmentation CSMA/CD with acknowledgement less impact for lost messages handles interference exponential random backoff after successful sending, in collision and retransmission RTS/CTS protocol permission to send DSSS physical layer features 2 Mbps raw data rate with a fallback to 1 Mbps 2.4 GHz band US - 11 overlapping channels ETS - 13 overlapping channels Japan - 1 channel data ack NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 15
16 Wireless LAN architecture Station joins a cell find a cell: beacon frame or active probe request authentication association Wireless distribution system wireless bridges Automatic rate selection 1Mbps / 2Mbps Multi channel roaming Roaming from cell to cell: not in the specification! Synchronization beacon frames frequency hopping power saving NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 16
17 Wireless LAN architecture Frame formats MAC frame header 30 octets data 0 to 2321 octets crc 4 octets Frame control Duration / ID Address 1 Address 2 Address 3 Sequence control Address 4 Frame body CRC ACK frame header 10 octets crc 4 octets Frame control Duration RA CRC NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 17
18 Wireless LAN, prices Card Price $ Aironet Arlan655, ISA, 2Mbps 813 Aironet Arlan690, PCMCIA, 2Mbps 654 BreezeCom PCMCIA, 2Mbps 814 Lucent Wavelan ISA, 2Mbps 545 Lucent Wavelan PCMCIA, 2Mbps 495 Access Point Price $ Aironet Arlan630, 2Mbps 1800 BreezeCOM, 3Mbps 2100 Lucent WavePOINT II, 2Mbps 900 Bridges Aironet wireless bridge, 4Mbps 3600 Aironet wireless bridge, 2Mbps 2100 BreezeCOM wireless bridge 2800 to 3300 Lucent WavePOINT II (ethernet to 1300 wireless) Wireless links BreezeLink 2Mbps, up to 50 km 5400 NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 18
19 MOWGLI Mowgli is a research project to connect a mobile office workstation to the internet University of Helsinki s CS department funding by Nokia, Digital, Sonera and Ministry of Education The mobile node is connected via a wireless link to the internet/office network the link is GSM non-transparent data connection Architecture: Mobile node Wireless link Mobile-Connection host (MCH) Fixed host NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 19
20 NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 20 Mowgli architecture
21 Mowgli Mowgli preserves the socket interface tcp/ip is replaced socket interface is modified: wireless environment related extensions Mowgli data channel service (MDCS) bidirectional data channel streamed and message channels (similar to tcp and udp) 256 simultaneous channels independent per channel flow control priorities handles disconnections closing if idle, reconnections The MDCS properties are Mowgli socket API s QoS services NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 21
22 Mowgli performance Measurements: One 100 Kb file transferred, times in seconds LAN WAN From fixed host to mobile node From mobile node to fixed host Mean Min Med Max Mean Min Med Max MDCP 108,8 107,8 108,5 110,2 108,4 108,3 108,4 108,6 TCP 139,2 116,6 143,1 168,2 126,3 114,4 114,7 160,5 MDCP 109,2 107,5 108,5 116,9 109,2 107,1 108,5 115,7 TCP 171,9 117,6 154,6 252,7 231,2 121,4 152,6 497,1 Three 100 Kb file transferred concurrently, times in seconds LAN WAN Network Protocol Network Protocol From fixed host to mobile node From mobile node to fixed host Mean Min Med Max Mean Min Med Max MDCP 326,4 320,8 326,2 330,4 331,5 315,8 324,2 494,3 TCP 513,8 413,3 495,4 591,4 344,8 299,7 325,9 490,9 MDCP 328,5 254,6 325,6 385,2 339,7 307,4 324,1 584,8 TCP 362,9 251,0 364,1 480,0 388,9 253,0 358,9 759,9 NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 22
23 Wireless Application Protocol Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is developed by WAP Forum WAP Forum is multivendor grounded by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet First WAP specification 1.0 was released April 1998 the work groups carry on to include a broader representation WAP is aimed to bring Internet content to wireless mobile device create a global wireless protocol specification to work across different networks The WAP model resembles WWW-model NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 23
24 WAP Model The WAP model resembles WWW-model The WAP Gateway contains the protocol conversion services gateway has internet protocol specific WAP proxies NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 24
25 WAP defines WAP defines micro-browser, similar to web browser scripting (WMLScript), similar to JavaScript telephony support formalized interfaces for different content types business cards, calendar events etc. telecommunication stack transport security session NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 25
26 NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 26 WAP network
27 WAP architecture The WAP protocol stack replaces tcp/ip in mobile devices The WDP unifies the different bearer properties WDP and the bearer networks handle roaming WDP has bearer specific profiles WTLS is similar to SSL denial-of-service protection WSP offers two interfaces stream data (TCP) datagram (UDP) NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 27
28 WAP: WDP Two different WDP bearer specifications: WDP over GSM circuit switched data connection NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 28
29 WAP: WDP cont. WDP over GPRS NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 29
30 WAP: WTA The WTA (wireless telephony application) allows telephony functionality in the mobile device calling, incoming call, voice mail WTA interface contains subspecifications for different networks for example: GSM, PDC, IS-136 Examples of the WTA interface: <WML> <FORM> <DO TYPE= ACCEPT TASK= GO URL= wtai:cc/mc;$(n) /> Enter phone number: <INPUT TYPE= TEXT KEY= N /> </FORM> </WML> NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 30
31 WAP: WTA <WML> <COMMON> <SCRIPT> function checknumber(n) { if (Lang.isInt(N)) WTAI.makeCall(N); else Dialog.alert( Bad phone number ); } </SCRIPT> </COMMON> <FORM> <DO TYPE= ACCEPT TASK= GO URL= wtai:cc/mc;$(n) /> Enter phone number: <INPUT TYPE= TEXT KEY= N /> </FORM> </WML> NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 31
32 Markets The broadband future of online services and Internet access in Europe (Datamonitor, 1997) Households (000) ,6 kb/s and below kb/s + (analogue) ISDN Cable modems XDSL Digital sat./ wireless Other broadband Total NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 32
33 Markets Worldwide LAN switch market split by technology, (Datamonitor, 07/97) USD millions ATM Mbps Ethernet 100Mbps Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Token ring IP / L switching Other Total NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 33
34 Markets Millions of Users Internet Users Cellular Subscribers Exchange Lines NOKIA wireless_ip98.ppt / / MOv page: 34
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