THE NEED FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR MANET

Transcription

1 THE NEED FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR MANET Usha K Patil 1, Rekha. K. S. 2 1 Assistant Professor, Computer Science & Engineering, GSSSIETW, KRS Road, Metagalli, Mysore, Karnataka, India, patilusha507@gmail.com 2 Assistant Professor, Computer Science & Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Manandvadi Road, Mysore Karnataka, India, rekha_kowdle@yahoo.co.in Abstract-- The migration to wireless network from wired network has been a global trend in the past few decades. The mobility and scalability brought by wireless network made it possible in many applications. Among all the contemporary wireless networks, Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is one of the most important and unique applications. Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of many wireless mobile nodes without any fixed network infrastructure; where every node can be a receiver and transmitter. Since the network topology keeps changing due to the mobility of nodes, MANET is a self-configuring can be implemented in mission critical operations. There are several issues to be considered during the design of Mobile Ad-hoc networks such as Error Prone channel, Hidden and exposed node problem, Bandwidth problem, energy constraint and security problem. There is a need to design a new intrusion detection system for mobile ad hoc networks. An efficient hybrid scheme which is a combination of a hybrid acknowledgement scheme as well as digital signature techniques is required for the identifying misbehaving nodes in network. This hybrid scheme also provides solutions for design issues of MANET. This paper Addresses the design issues, protocols such as OSPF, DSR, AODV and provides the best possible scheme for network performance. Index terms: AODV, DSR, Digital Signature, MANET, Network topology, OSPF, Self-configure. I. INTRODUCTION Advances in silicon technology have led to the development of next-generation, low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, sensor devices. These devices communicate wirelessly to transmit their readings. They are called wireless sensors and present a new facet in the field of communication and computer networks. Wireless sensors are compact devices that integrate communication, computation and micro electrical mechanical (MEMS) devices into a single chip. A sensor network is a collection of communicating sensing devices or nodes Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) usually contain thousands or millions of sensors, which are randomly and widely deployed [1]. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) do not always have sensor rnodes of same type. In other words, WSNs are not always homogeneous, but some sensor nodes of higher energy can be used to prolong the lifetime and reliability of WSNs. Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) have some sensor nodes of relatively higher energy [2]. IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 1

2 A wireless sensor network (WSN) extends our capability to explore, monitor and control the physical world. It is especially useful in catastrophic or emergency scenario where human participation may be too dangerous. The sensor networks have evolved over a period of time. The failures are inevitable in wireless sensor networks due to inhospitable environment and unattended deployment; therefore sensor nodes must operate potentially in large numbers. The latest generation of sensors encompasses self-organizing, flexible and scalable networks [3].Wireless sensor net-works have at least one base station that works as a gateway between the sensor network and outside world. Sensor nodes sense the phenomenon and send the data to base station via single or multi-hop communication. Users access the data stored at base station [4]. An ad hoc network is a wireless decentralized structure network comprised of nodes, which autonomously set up a network. No external network infrastructure is necessary to transmit data there is no central administration. Freely located network nodes participate in transmission. Network nodes can travel in space as time passes, while direct communication between each pair of nodes is usually not possible. Generally, ad hoc network can consist of different types of multi-functional computation devices [8]. A. Applications of wireless sensor networks The applications of WSNs are innumerable, since each sensor node is capable of monitoring a wide variety of ambient conditions such as temperature, humidity, lightning condition, pressure and noise levels. The major applications of Wireless Sensor network is as listed below: 1. Military applications: Sensor nodes can be spread across a battlefield or enemy area and be programmed to track and monitor enemy troop movements or movement of terrorists and can be used to locate their exact positions. 2. Medical applications: WSNs can be used in medical applications by using the sensor node as a device that can reside on or within the human body and perform tasks that are currently done by costly machines. 3. Urban applications: WSNs can be used for various urban applications like transportation and traffic systems, auto-identification by driving license, parking availability, security monitors in shopping malls, parking garages, city streets and home security. B. Comparison of ADHOC and WSN Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast communication while ad hoc networks use point-topoint communication. Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are limited by sensors limited power, energy and computational capability. Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors. II. INTRODUCTION OF MANET A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected by wireless. Ad hoc is Latin and means for this purpose. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic. Such networks may operate by themselves or may be connected to the larger Internet. MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks that usually has a routable IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 2

3 networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network [5]. Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes and connected in dynamic manner. Nodes forming a temporary/short-lived network without any fixed - infrastructure where all nodes are free to move about arbitrarily. Nodes must behave as routers, take part in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes in the network. [9] Wireless links in MANET are highly error prone and can go down frequently due to mobility of nodes. Stable routing is a very critical task due to highly dynamic environment in Mobile Ad-hoc Network [10]. So mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network of mobile routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links - the union of which form a random topology. The routers are free to move randomly and organize themselves at random. Such a network may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be connected to the larger Internet. Minimal configuration and quick deployment make ad hoc networks suitable for emergency situations like natural or human induced disasters, military conflicts, emergency medical situations.[11] detect any interference on the wireless medium. Thus, the signals collide at node B, which in turn will be unable to receive the transmissions from either node. The typical solution for this so-called Hidden terminal problem is that the nodes coordinate transmissions themselves by asking and granting permission to send and receive packets. This scheme is often called RTS/CTS (Request To Send/Clear To Send)shown in fig 1.. [12]. The basic idea is to capture the channel by notifying other nodes about an upcoming transmission. This is done by stimulating the receiving node to output a short frame so that nearby nodes can detect that a transmission is going to take place. The nearby nodes are then expected to avoid transmitting for the duration of the upcoming (large) data frame. [12] III. ISSUES IN DESIGNING MANET Mobile Ad-hoc Network is highly dynamic in nature and no fixed infrastructure in these type of network. Due to this, issues in designing Mobile Ad-hoc Networks using a routing protocol are explain as: A. Error-prone channel state The characteristics of the links in a wireless network typically vary, and this calls for an interaction between the routing protocol, if necessary, find alternate routes.[12] B. Hidden problem Node A and node C are in range for communicating with node B, but not with each other. In the event that both try to communicate with node B simultaneously, A and C might not Figure 1: Hidd-en Problem using three Nodes C. Exposed terminals Consider a topology similar to that of previous figure, but with an added node D only reachable from node C. Furthermore, suppose node B communicates with node A, and node C wants to transmit a packet to node D. During the transmission between node B and node A, node C senses the channel as busy. Node C falsely concludes that it may not send to node D, even though both the transmissions (i.e., between node B and node A, and between node C and node D) would succeed. Bad reception would only occur in the zone between node B and node C, where neither of the receivers is located. This problem is often referred to as the exposed terminal problem. Both the hidden and the exposed IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 3

4 terminal problem cause significant reduction of network throughput when the traffic load is high.[12] D. Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links Wireless links will continue to have significantly lower capacity than their hardwired counterparts. In addition, the realized throughput of wireless communications--after accounting for the effects of multiple access, fading, noise, and interference conditions etc. is often much less than a radio's maximum transmission rate. One effect is congestion is typically the norm rather than the exception, i.e. Aggregate application demand will likely approach or exceed network capacity frequently. As the mobile network is often simply an extension of the field network infrastructure, mobile ad hoc users will demand similar services. These demands will continue to increase as multimedia computing and collaborative networking applications rise. [13] E. Energy-constrained operation Some or all of the nodes in a MANET may relay on batteries or other exhaustible means for their energy. For these nodes, the most important system design criteria for optimization may be energy conservation. It should be noted that the energy consumed during sending a packet is the largest source of energy consumption of all modes. This is followed by the energy consumption during receiving a packet. Despite the fact that while in idle mode the node does not actually handle data communication operations, it has been found that the wireless interface consumes a considerable amount of energy nevertheless. This amount approaches the amount that is consumed in the receive operation. Idle energy is a wasted energy that should be eliminated or reduced through energyefficient schemes. Through energy consumption measurements studies, experiments have also been conducted to determine the power consumption patterns in the different active modes. In some experiments, the instantaneous power consumption per communication mode, e.g. send, receive, idle and sleep modes, has been measured. Some experiments went even further to include more details about the energy consumption pattern per subtype of the operation for example, the cases of unicast and broadcast are considered to have different costs. [13]. F. Security Issues Mobile wireless networks are generally more prone to security threats than are fixed- cable nets. The increased possibility of eavesdropping, spoofing, and denial-of-service attacks should be carefully considered. Existing link security techniques are often applied within wireless networks to reduce security threats. Snooping is unauthorized access to another person's data. It is similar to eavesdropping but is not necessarily limited to gaining access to data during its transmission. Snooping can include casual observance of an that appears on another's computer screen or watching what someone else is typing. More sophisticated snooping uses software programs to remotely monitor activity on a computer or network device. In network layer wormhole attack, a malicious node receives packets at one location in the network and tunnels them to another location in the network, where these packets are resent into the network. This tunnel between two colluding attackers is referred to as a wormhole. It could be established through wired link between two colluding attackers or through a single long-range wireless link. In this form of attack the attacker may create a wormhole even for packets not addressed to itself because of broadcast nature of the radio channel. In Black hole attack, an attacker uses the routing protocol to advertise itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. An attacker listen the requests for routes in a flooding based protocol. When the attacker receives a request for a route to the destination node, it creates a reply consisting of an extremely short route. If the malicious reply reaches the initiating node before the reply from the actual node, a fake route gets created [13]. IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 4

5 IV. ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF MANET A routing protocol is used to transmit a packet to a destination via number of nodes and numerous routing protocols have been proposed for such kind of ad- hoc networks. These protocols find a route for packet delivery and to the correct destination. Basically, routing protocols can be broadly classified into two types as: Proactive protocols In networks utilizing a proactive routing protocol, every node maintain one or more tables representing the entire topology of the network. These tables are updated regularly in order to maintain up-to-date routing information from each node to every other node. Reactive protocols Unlike proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols do not make the nodes initiate a route discovery process until a route is required. This leads to higher latency than with proactive protocols, but lower overhead. A. Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) This is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. Using DSR, the network is completely selforganizing and self-configuring, requiring no existing network infrastructure or administration. Network nodes (computers) cooperate to forward packets for each other to allow communication over multiple hops between nodes not directly within wireless transmission range of one another. As nodes in the network move about or join or leave the network, and as wireless transmission conditions such as sources of interference change, all routing is automatically determined and maintained by the DSR routing protocol. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [14][15][16] is a reactive routing protocol which uses source routing to deliver data packets. Headers of data packets carry the sequence of nodes through which the packet must pass. This means that intermediate nodes only need to keep track of their immediate neighbors in order to forward data packets. The source, on the other hand, needs to know the complete hop sequence to the destination. B. Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) AODV is an on-demand routing algorithm that determines a route only when a node wants to send a packet to a destination. AODV is capable of both unicast and multicast routing. In AODV every node maintains a table containing information about which direction to send the packets in order to reach the destination. Figure 2: MANET Protocols AODV [17,18] is a distance vector routing protocol, like DSDV, but it is reactive rather than proactive like DSDV. That is, AODV requests a route only when needed and does not require nodes to maintain routes to destinations that are not communicating. The process of finding routes is referred to as the route acquisition henceforth. AODV uses sequence numbers in a way similar to DSDV to avoid routing loops and to indicate the freshness of a route. IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 5

6 V. APPROACHES FOR MANET The approaches for MANET are Watchdog [19], TWOACK [20], and Adaptive ACKnowledgment (AACK) [21]. 1) Watchdog: Marti et al. [19] proposed a scheme named Watchdog that aims to improve the throughput of network with the presence of malicious nodes. In fact, the Watchdog scheme is consisted of two parts, namely, Watchdog and Pathrater. Watchdog serves as IDS for MANETs. It is responsible for detecting malicious node misbehaviors in the network. Watchdog detects malicious misbehaviors by promiscuously listening to its next hop s transmission. If a Watchdog node overhears that its next node fails to forward the packet within a certain period of time, it increases its failure counter. Whenever a node s failure counter exceeds a predefined threshold, the Watchdog node reports it as misbehaving. In this case, the Pathrater cooperates with the routing protocols to avoid the reported nodes in future transmission. The Watchdog scheme fails to detect malicious misbehaviors with the presence of the following: 1) ambiguous collisions; 2) receiver collisions; 3) limited transmission power; 4) false misbehavior report; 5) collusion; and 6) partial dropping. 2) TWOACK: With respect to the six weaknesses of the Watchdog scheme, many researchers proposed new approaches to solve these issues. TWOACK proposed by Liu et al. [24]. TWOACK is required to work on routing protocols such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) The working process of TWOACK is shown in Fig. 3 [22]: Node A first forwards Packet 1 to node B, and then, node B forwards Packet 1 to node C. When node C receives Packet 1, as it is two hops away from node A, node C is obliged to generate a TWOACK packet, which contains reverse route from node A to node C, and sends it back to node A. The retrieval of this TWOACK packet at node A indicates that the transmission of Packet 1 from node A to node C is successful. Otherwise, if this TWOACK packet is not received in a predefined time period, both nodes B and C are reported malicious. The same process applies to every three consecutive nodes along the rest of the route. The TWOACK scheme successfully solves the receiver collision and limited transmission power problems posed by Watchdog. However, the acknowledgment process required in every packet transmission process added a significant amount of unwanted network overhead. Due to the limited battery power nature of MANETs, such redundant transmission process can easily degrade the life span of the entire network. Figure 3: TWOACK scheme: Each node is required to send back an acknowledgment packet to the node that is two hops away from it. 3) AACK: Based on TWOACK, Sheltami et al. [21] proposed a new scheme called AACK. Similar to TWOACK, AACK is an acknowledgment-based network layer scheme which can be considered as a combination of a scheme called TACK (identical to TWOACK) and an end-to-end acknowledgment scheme called ACKnowledge (ACK). Compared to TWOACK, AACK significantly reduced network overhead while still capable of maintaining or even surpassing the same network throughput. In the ACK scheme shown in Fig. 4 [22], the source node S sends out Packet 1 without any overhead except 2 b of flag indicating the packet type. All the intermediate nodes simply forward this packet. When the destination node D receives Packet 1, it is required to send back an ACK acknowledgment packet to the source node S along the reverse order of the IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 6

7 same route. Within a predefined time period, if the source node S receives this ACK acknowledgment packet, then the packet transmission from node S to node D is successful. Otherwise, the source node S will switch to TACK scheme by sending out a TACK packet. 2) Digital signature with message recovery: This type of scheme does not require any other information besides the signature itself in the verification process. Examples include RSA [24]. In this research work, we can implement both DSA and RSA in our proposed EAACK scheme. The main purpose of this implementation is to compare their performances in MANETs. Figure 4: ACK scheme The destination node is required to send acknowledgment packets to the source node. VI. PROPOSED SYSTEM In fact, many of the existing IDSs in MANETs adopt an acknowledgment-based scheme, including TWOACK and AACK. The functions of such detection schemes all largely depend on the acknowledgment packets. Hence, it is crucial to guarantee that the acknowledgment packets are valid and authentic. To address this concern, we adopt a digital signature in our proposed scheme named Enhanced AACK (EAACK). A. Digital Signature Digital signature is a widely adopted approach to ensure the authentication, integrity, and non repudiation of MANETs. It can be generalized as a data string, which associates a message (in digital form) with some originating entity, or an electronic analog of a written signature [23].Digital signature schemes can be mainly divided into the following two categories. 1) Digital signature with appendix: The original message is required in the signature verification algorithm. Examples include a digital signature algorithm (DSA) [23]. Figure 5: Communication with digital signature. The general flow of data communication with digital signature is shown in Fig. 5 [22]. First, a fixed-length message digest is computed through a preagreed hash function H for every message m. This process can be described as H(m) = d.. (1) Second, the sender Alice needs to apply its own private key Pr Alice on the computed message digest d. The result is a signature SigAlice, which is attached to message m and Alice s secret private key SPr Alice (d) = SigAlice. (2) IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 7

8 To ensure the validity of the digital signature, the sender Alice is obliged to always keep her private key Pr Alice as a secret without revealing to anyone else. Otherwise, if the attacker Eve gets this secret private key, she can intercept the message and easily forge malicious messages with Alice s signature and send them to Bob. As these malicious messages are digitally signed by Alice, Bob sees them as legit and authentic messages from Alice. Thus, Eve can readily achieve malicious attacks to Bob or even the entire network. Next, Alice can send a message m along with the signature SigAlice to Bob via an unsecured channel. Bob then computes the received message m_ against the preagreed hash function H to get the message digest d_. This process can be generalized as H(m ) = d (3) Bob can verify the signature by applying Alice s public key Pk Alice on SigAlice, by using. Figure 6: Control Flow of modes SPk Alice (SigAlice) = d... (4) If d == d, then it is safe to claim that the message m_ transmitted through an unsecured channel is indeed sent from Alice and the message itself is intact.. In this paper, we extend it with the introduction of digital signature to prevent the attacker from forging acknowledgment packets. EAACK is consisted of three major parts, namely, ACK, secure ACK (S-ACK), and misbehaviour report authentication (MRA). VI. CONCLUSION Packet-dropping attack has always been a major threat to the security in MANETs. In this paper, we have proposed a novel IDS named EAACK protocol specially designed for MANETs and compared it against other popular mechanisms. To overcome the problem of Watchdog, TWOACK, and AACK an EAACK mechanism is suggested to fulfill the needs of Acknowledgement and Secured Acknowledgement and Misbehavior Report Authentication in network. IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 8

9 REFERENCES [1] T.VenuMadhav and N.V.S.N.Sarma Maximizing Network Lifetime through Varying Transmission Radii with Energy Efficient Cluster Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2012 [2] Vivek Katiyar, Narottam Chand, and SurenderSoni Efficient Multilevel Clustering for Large-scale Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks published in 2011,International Conference on Communication, Computing & Security [3] routing and data dissemination in wireless sensor networks by Sanjeev Kumar Gupta [4] VipinPal,Girdhari Singh,Rajender PrasadYadav SCHS: Smart Cluster Head Selection Scheme for Clustering Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks Published Online November 2012 ( [5] [6] Hung-Chin Jang and Hon-Chung Lee Efficient Energy Management to Prolong Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network 3 rd IEEE/IFIP International Conference in Central Asia Date of Conference: Sept [7] M.Mirhakkak,N.Schult,D.Thomson Dynamic Quality-of-Service for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Published in: MobiHoc Proceedings of the 1st ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing [8]EwaNiewiadomska- Szynkiewicz,PiotrKwaśniewski,andIzabelaWindyga Comparative Study of Wireless Sensor Networks Energy-Efficient Topologies and Power Save Protocols Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 3/2009 [9] Vijay Kumar1 and Ashwani Kush. A New Scheme for Secured on Demand Routing IISTE Network and Complex Systems,Vol 2, No.2, 2012.ISSN X (Paper), (Online) [10] Sunil Taneja & Ashwani Kush Performance Evaluation of DSR and AODV over UDP and TCP connections International Journal of Computing and Business] Research (IJCBR), Volume 1, No. 1 December [11] Donatas Sumyla, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, 03/20/2006. Available: [12] Kenneth Holter, Wireless Extensions to OSPF: Implementation of the Overlapping Relays Proposal, Master thesis, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway, 2nd 1998 ACM. [15] David B. Johnson and David A.Maltz, Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In Mobile Computing, edited by Tomasz Imielinski and Hank Korth, chapter 5, pages Kluwer Academic Publishers, [16] David B. Johnson and David A. Maltz, Protocols for adaptive wireless and mobile computing. In IEEE Personal Communications, 3(1), February [17] Charles E. Perkins, Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing. Internet draft, draft-ietf- manetaodv- 01.txt, August Work in progress. [18] Charles E. Perkins, Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing. Internet draft, draft-ietf-manetaodv- 02.txt, November Work in progress. [19] S. Marti, T. J. Giuli, K. Lai, and M. Baker, Mitigating routing misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks, in Proc. 6th Annu. Int. Conf. Mobile Comput. Netw., Boston, MA, 2000, pp [20] J.-S. Lee, A Petri net design of command filters for semiautonomous mobile sensor networks, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 4, pp , Apr [21] T. Sheltami, A. Al-Roubaiey, E. Shakshuki, and A. Mahmoud, Video transmission enhancement in presence of misbehaving nodes in MANETs, Int. J. Multimedia Syst., vol. 15, no. 5, pp , Oct [22] E. Shakshuki,Nan Kang, T. Sheltami, EAACK-A Secure Intrusion Detection System for MANET, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 3, March [23] Nat. Inst. Std. Technol., Digital Signature Standard (DSS) Federal Information Processing Standards Publication, Gaithersburg, MD, 2009, Digital Signature Standard (DSS). [23] R. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems, Commun. ACM, vol. 21, no. 2, pp , Feb [24] K. Liu, J. Deng, P. K. Varshney, and K. Balakrishnan, An acknowledgment-based approach for the detection of routing misbehaviour in MANETs, IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 6, no. 5, pp , May [13]S. Corson & J. Macker Mobile Ad hoc Networking: Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations, RFC 2501, Oct [14] Josh Broch, David A. Maltz, David B. Johnson, Yih- Chun Hu and Jorjeta Jetcheva, A performance Comparison of Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols. Mobicom'98, Dallas Texas, October, Fourth AnnualACM/IEEEInternational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 98), Dallas, Texas, USA. Copyright IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 9

10 BIOGRAPHIES Usha--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN Usha K Patil has completed her BE in Computer Science & Engineering. Presently she is working as an Assistant Professor in Department of CSE, GSSSIETW, Mysore, since She is pursuing her M Tech (CNE) from NIE, Mysore. Her areas of research interest are Wireless Sensor Networks, database system, Software Architecture and Programming Languages id: patilusha507@gmail.com Mobile No: Rekha.K.S. holds Master s degree (2007) in Software Engineering, from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. Currently she is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of CS&E, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore. Her research interests include Wireless Sensor Networks, Middleware design, Software Engineering,Software Architecture, Embedded Systems and Distributed Systems. id: rekha_kowdle@yahoo.co.in Mobile No: IJCSIET-ISSUE4-VOLUME1-SERIES4 Page 10