6.9 Summary. 11/20/2013 Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-1. Characteristics of selected wireless link standards a, g point-to-point
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1 Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics CDMA 6.3 IEEE wireless LANs ( wi-fi ) 6.4 Cellular Internet Access architecture standards (e.g., GSM) Mobility 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 6.6 Mobile IP 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks 6.8 Mobility and higher- layer protocols 6.9 Summary Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6 Characteristics of selected wireless link standards n Data rate (Mbps) a, g b a, g point-to-point 4G: LTE, WIMAX Enhanced 3G: HSPA 3G: UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA G: GSM, CDMA Indoor 10-30m Outdoor m Mid-range outdoor 200m 4 Km Long-range outdoor 5Km 20 Km Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-2 1
2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) all users share same frequency band, but each user has its own chipping i sequence (i.e., code) to encode data encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence) decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping sequence multiple users transmit simultaneously with minimal interference provided that codes are orthogonal Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-3 CDMA Encode/Decode (basic idea) channel output Z i,m sender data bits code d 0 = 1 d 1 = slot 1 slot 0 Z i,m = d i. cm slot 1 channel output slot 0 channel output received input M D i = Z. i,m cm m=1 M d 1 = d 0 = 1 receiver code slot 1 slot 0 slot 1 channel output slot 0 channel output Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-4 2
3 CDMA: two-sender interference Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-5 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless hosts laptop, smart phone run applications may be stationary or mobile wireless does not always mean mobility Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-6 3
4 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure base station typically connected to wired network forwards packets between wired network and wireless hosts in its area e.g., access point (AP), cell tower Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-7 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless link connects hosts to base station multiple access protocol for link access Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-8 4
5 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure infrastructure mode base stations connect mobiles to wired network handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-9 Elements of a wireless network ad hoc mode no base stations nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage nodes organize themselves into a network: route packets among themselves Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 60 5
6 Wireless network taxonomy infrastructure mode (e.g., APs) single hop multiple hops host connects to wireless nodes serve base station (WiFi, as relays towards WiMAX, cellular) Internet, e.g., which connects to community mesh net Internet no no base station, no infrastructure connection to Internet t (Bluetooth, ad hoc mode) no base station, no connection to Internet; wireless nodes serve as relays to reach some nodes: MANET, VANET Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) : channels, association frequency band divided into channels AP admin chooses frequency interference possible: channel can be same as that chosen by neighboring AP AP 1 1 H AP 2 host: must associate with an AP scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing AP s name (SSID) and MAC address selects AP to associate with performs authentication runs DHCP to get IP address in AP s subnet Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 62 6
7 Wireless Link Characteristics (1) Differences from wired link. decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates more as it propagates (path loss) interference from other sources: wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by cordless phones, sensors, etc.; devices (motors) interfere as well multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects, reaching destination at slightly different times. make communication across a wireless link more difficult Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 63 Wireless Link Characteristics (2) SNR: signal-to-noise ratio larger SNR easier to extract signal from noise SNR versus bit error rate (BER) tradeoffs For a given modulation technique: increase power -> increase SNR->decrease BER For a given SNR: choose modulation technique that meets BER requirement to get highest h throughput h SNR may change with mobility dynamically adapt modulation technique (rate) BER SNR(dB) QAM256 (8 Mbps) QAM16 (4 Mbps) BPSK (1 Mbps) Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 64 7
8 Wireless network characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (carrier sensing is unreliable): C A B C A B A s signal strength C s signal strength Hidden terminal problem B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C cannot hear each other -> A, C unaware of interference at receiver B space Signal attenuation (fading): B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C cannot hear each other, unaware of interference at B Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 65 IEEE : multiple access : CSMA - sense before transmitting : no collision detection difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak received signals (fading) can t sense all collisions : hidden terminal, fading goal: avoid collisions, hence CSMA/CA C A B C A B A s signal strength C s signal strength space Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 66 8
9 IEEE MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA sender 1 if channel sensed idle for DIFS then transmit entire frame 2 if channel sensed busy then choose random backoff time whenever channel sensed idle, timer counts down transmit when timer reaches zero if no ACK, increase random backoff interval, repeat receiver - if frame received OK return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden terminal/fading problems) DIFS sender data ACK receiver SIFS Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 67 Collision Avoidance - idea senders transmit small request-to-send (RTS) packets to AP using CSMA RTS packets may collide with each other (but they re short) AP broadcasts clear-to-send (CTS) in response to RTS CTS heard by all nodes the sender selected then transmits data frame other stations defer transmissions i Try to avoid long data frame collision using small reservation packets Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 68 9
10 RTS-CTS exchange (use is optional) A AP B reservation collision DATA (A) defer time Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) : mobility within same subnet H1 remains in same IP subnet: IP address can remain same switch: which AP is associated with H1? self-learning (Ch. 5): switch will see frame from H1 and remember which switch port can be used to reach H1 router switch AP 1 H1 AP 2 Suppose the two APs are connected directly to a router. Mobility? Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL)
11 End of our Chapter 6 coverage Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL) 6-21 Wireless and Mobile Networks (SSL)
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