Introductions. Computer Networking Lecture 01. January 16, HKU SPACE Community College. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 1/36

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1 Introductions Computer Networking Lecture 01 HKU SPACE Community College January 16, 2012 HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 1/36

2 Outline What is a Computer Network? Basic Requirements of Building a Computer Network Connectivity Cost-Effective Resource Sharing Support for Common Services Performance Network Architecture Layered Architecture The Internet Architecture The OSI Model HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 2/36

3 What is a Computer Network? There are many networks? (Mobile) Telephone and pager networks Satellite and radio networks Cable TV networks Traffic networks The Internet A computer network is a set of connected end systems (general purposed programmable hardware) to communicate with one another. One of the main characteristics of today s computer networks is generality. Means that today s computer networks can carry different kinds of data in many different environments and supports a wide, and ever growing, range of applications. Some properties of a computer network: size, topology, speed, physical media, and protocol. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 3/36

4 Classifications of Computer Networks By size Interconnection networks: connecting multiple processors. System/Storage area networks (SAN): connecting processors to storage servers. Local area networks (LAN): connecting a limited number of hosts in a close proximity. Metropolitan area networks (MAN): connecting a limited number of LANs in a close proximity. Wide area networks (WAN): connecting hosts situated anywhere. By speed Dial-up networks (Kbps) High-speed networks (Mbps) Gigabit networks (Gbps) HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 4/36

5 Classifications of Computer Networks (Cont d) By mobility Fixed networks Wireless networks Mobile networks Personal area networks (PAN) Ubiquitous networks By software Novell NetWare (IPX) Apple AppleTalk Microsoft network (NetBIOS) TCP/IP By service Data Telecommunications Convergence of services HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 5/36

6 Basic Requirements of Building a Computer Network If you are going to design and build a network from sketch, what are the issues that you are going to consider? Connectivity Cost-effective resource sharing Support for common services Performance Others Security Accounting for resources Economical factors For the Internet, two important design goals are to interconnect existing networks (the most fundamental one) and to survive. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 6/36

7 Connectivity A network must provide connectivity among a set of end systems, or in other words, a computer must somehow connect to another computer. Network connectivity occurs at different levels, at host level: machine to machine; at application level: process to process. In general, there are two kinds of connection methods: direct connections and indirect connections. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 7/36

8 Connectivity (Cont d) Direct connection means there exists a (direct) link between any two hosts in the network. There are two ways to form a direct connection: point-to-point and multiple-access. Direct connection is simple, but it has scalability problem. Figure: Direct links: (a) point-to-point; (b) multiple-access. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 8/36

9 Connectivity (Cont d) For any problem, if a solution is insensitive to the problem size, then the solution is scalable; otherwise, it is unscalable. Scalability is very important in networking, because today by networks most likely we mean the Internet. Indirect connection means we do not need a direct link between the two machines. However, if we still want to send something to a destination, we need at least a temporary link (circuit switching) or a postage service (packet switching). Networks with either packet or circuit switching techniques are called switched networks. Our focus is the packet switched networks. We call a network of networks an internetwork, or simple an internet. To connect networks, we need switches, routers, or gateways. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 9/36

10 Connectivity (Cont d) Figure: Switched network. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 10/36

11 Connectivity (Cont d) Figure: Interconnection of networks. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 11/36

12 Connectivity (Cont d) To provide connectivity, an efficient addressing scheme is required so that you can find your destination. The process of how to forward messages toward the destination node based on its address is called routing. Communication mode A communication is called unicast if a computer only wants to send message to another specific computer. If a computer wants to send message to all computers in the same network, we call the mode broadcast. Sometimes, a computer may just want to send messages to a group of computers, and we call this mode multicast. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 12/36

13 Network Connection Components Cables: UTP, 10baseT/2/5, coaxial cables, etc. Modems Hubs (repeaters, layer one) Switches/bridges (layer two) Routers/gateways (layer three) Firewall (layer four) Nowadays, we may just call these devices as Layer-n switches. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 13/36

14 Cost-Effective Resource Sharing Multiplexing: a process of sharing a system resource among multiple users. For communication media (cables), one major problem is how to avoid interference among the signals. Figure: Multiplexing over a single physical link. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 14/36

15 Cost-Effective Resource Sharing (Cont d) Synchronous time-division multiplexing (STDM) Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) Statistical multiplexing On demand, rather than basing on a fixed time schedule or a fixed frequency assignment. Packet switching, rather than message switching, and the packet size is limited to avoid monopoly. Need other mechanisms for packet transmission: packet scheduling, medium access mechanisms Code-division multiplexing (CDM) HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 15/36

16 Cost-Effective Resource Sharing (Cont d) Figure: A switch multiplexing packets onto one shared link. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 16/36

17 Support for Common Services From an application point of view, the underlying network provides a logical channel between two application processes. Figure: Processes communicate over an logical channel. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 17/36

18 Support for Common Services (Cont d) Application requirements vary: A data file transfer through the FTP A webpage transfer through HTTP A video streaming through RTP Requirements: Total reliability Timing constraints: delay and delay jitter Results for the Internet protocol: Provide a best-effort service at IP (connectivity). Provide a reliable service on top of IP. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 18/36

19 Performance Network performances are often measured in two ways: throughput (in bits per second): how much of data can be transmitted in a certain period of time. latency (or delay, in time units): how long it takes a message/packet to travel from a source to a destination (and come back) - round-trip time (RTT). Bandwidth and throughput bandwidth of a channel, in terms of bits/second, is the maximum data rate available. throughput of a channel, also in terms of bits/second, is the realized data rate. A packet s latency is a sum of: queueing delays: waiting time for its turn of transmission; transmission delays: the time of being sent out to the network; propagation delays: the time for it to travel (propagate) from a source to a destination. In this course, the queueing delays are hard to determinate and often be ignored in calculations. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 19/36

20 Performance (Cont d) Transfer a 1-MB file in a network of 10Mbps with 5000m apart: Transmission delay: ( )/( ) = 0.839s Propagation delay: 5000/ = 0.025ms Latency 0.839s. Now change 10Mbps to 10 Gbps: Transmission delay: ( )/( ) = 0.839ms Latency = 0.864ms From the examples we can see, with low bandwidth, the delay is mainly determined by the transmission delay (first example); while with high bandwidth, both the transmission delay and propagation delay will need to be counted (second example). HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 20/36

21 Performance (Cont d) Figure: Combine data size, bandwidth, and propagation delay. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 21/36

22 Performance (Cont d) Another useful measure is the delay-bandwidth product, which gives the volume of the pipe the maximum number of bits it holds. For example, a channel with one way latency of 50 ms and a bandwidth of 45 Mbps, the product is bits (280 KB). Short fat pipe, long thin pipe. Figure: Network as a pipe. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 22/36

23 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture Layering decomposes the problem of building a network into more manageable components. Layering provides a more modular design. Figure: A layered network system. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 23/36

24 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture (Cont d) Each layer provides a service to the upper layer. Often, there are multiple services provided by a layer. Figure: Alternative abstractions available at a given layer. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 24/36

25 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture (Cont d) The service provided by each layer is implemented by protocols at that layer. Protocol: defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event. Each protocol defines two interfaces: Service interface defines the operations that local objects can perform on the protocol. Peer interface defines the form and meaning of messages exchanged between protocol peers to implement the communication service. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 25/36

26 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture (Cont d) Figure: Service and peer interfaces. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 26/36

27 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture (Cont d) Figure: Service and peer interfaces in the Internet. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 27/36

28 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture (Cont d) Encapsulation: A header is attached to a message passed down from the upper layer. The reverse procedure is called decapsulation. The message to be encapsulated is called payload or protocol data unit (PDU). A low-level protocol does not interpret the message it is given by some high-level protocol. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 28/36

29 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture (Cont d) Figure: Encapsulation example. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 29/36

30 Network Architecture - Layered Architecture (Cont d) Figure: Decapsulation: A reverse process of encapsulation. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 30/36

31 Internet Architecture Today s Internet has a four-layer architecture Figure: Protocol graph of the Internet. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 31/36

32 Internet Architecture (Cont d) Data-link layer provides encoding, framing, error control, and forwarding services. Network layer provides host-to-host connectivity service such as addressing and routing services. Transport layer provides reliable or unreliable end-to-end connectivity service, and flow control service. Application layer provides application-specific services. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 32/36

33 OSI Architecture The Open Systems Interconnection model has a seven-layer architecture: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The OSI architecture mainly serves as a reference model. Except for DECnet, the OSI has rarely been implemented as a working product, because The upper three layers were not generally agreed upon. A very complex protocol architecture; a large number of layers implies inefficiency. Significant implementation effort TCP/IP was readily available then. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 33/36

34 OSI Architecture (Cont d) Figure: OSI network architecture. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 34/36

35 Comparison between the Internet and the OSI Model OSI is like a building while the Internet is more like a city. The Internet architecture is in the protocols. While its architecture is a loose one, the Internet s evolution is guided consistently by some basic principles: the end-to-end principle, IP over everything, and connectivity is its own reward. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 35/36

36 Acknowledgments Part of this slide set is referenced, prepared or/and extracted from the books: Computer Networks - A Systems Approach and the book Routing in the Internet. Also, some images and information are sourced from the Internet. This set of slides is for teaching purpose only. HKU SPACE CC CN Lecture 01 36/36

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