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1 Chapter 1: introduction our goal: v get feel and terminology v more depth, detail later in course v approach: use Internet as example overview: v what s the Internet? v what s a protocol? v edge; hosts, access net, physical media v core: packet/circuit switching, Internet structure v performance: loss, delay, throughput v protocol layers, service models v security v history Introduction 1-1

2 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 edge end systems, access s, links 1.3 core packet switching, circuit switching, structure 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in s 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 s under attack: security 1.7 history Introduction 1-2

3 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view mobile v Internet = of s Interconnected ISPs Interconnected s home global ISP regional ISP institutional Introduction 1-3

4 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view PC server wireless laptop smartphone wireless links wired links v millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running apps v communication links fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate: bandwidth mobile home global ISP regional ISP router v Routers and switches Packet switches: forward packets (chunks of data) institutional Introduction 1-4

5 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view mobile v protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., HTTP, Skype, TCP, IP, v Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force home global ISP regional ISP institutional Introduction 1-5

6 What s the Internet: a service view v Infrastructure that provides services to applications: Web, VoIP, , games, e- commerce, social nets, v provides programming interface to apps hooks that allow sending and receiving app programs to connect to Internet provides service options, analogous to postal service mobile home institutional global ISP regional ISP Introduction 1-6

7 What s a protocol? human protocols: v what s the time? v I have a question v introductions specific msgs sent in a specific order specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events protocols: v machines rather than humans v all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt Introduction 1-7

8 What s a protocol? a human protocol and a computer protocol: Hi Hi Got the time? 2:00 time TCP connection request TCP connection response Get <file> format, order of msgs, and actions Introduction 1-8

9 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 edge end systems, access s, links 1.3 core packet switching, circuit switching, structure 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in s 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 s under attack: security 1.7 history Introduction 1-9

10 A closer look at structure: v edge: hosts: clients and servers servers often in data centers v access s, physical media: wired, wireless communication links mobile home global ISP regional ISP v core: interconnected routers of s institutional Introduction 1-10

11 Access s and physical media Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? v residential access nets v institutional access s (school, company) v mobile access s keep in mind: v bandwidth (bits per second) of access? v shared or dedicated? Introduction 1-11

12 Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL) central office telephone DSL modem splitter voice, data transmitted at different frequencies over dedicated line to central office DSLAM DSL access multiplexer ISP v use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM data over DSL phone line goes to Internet voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net v < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps) v < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps) Introduction 1-12

13 Introduction Access net: cable cable modem splitter cable headend Channels V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O D A T A D A T A C O N T R O L frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted in different frequency bands 1-13

14 Access net: cable cable headend cable modem splitter data, TV transmitted at different frequencies over shared cable distribution CMTS cable modem termination system ISP v HFC: hybrid fiber coax asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream transmission rate v of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router homes share access to cable headend unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office Introduction 1-14

15 Access net: home wireless devices often combined in single box to/from headend or central office cable or DSL modem wireless access point (54 Mbps) router, firewall, NAT wired Ethernet (100 Mbps) Introduction 1-15

16 Enterprise access s (Ethernet) institutional link to ISP (Internet) institutional router Ethernet switch institutional mail, web servers v typically used in companies, universities, etc v 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates v today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch Introduction 1-16

17 Wireless access s v shared wireless access connects end system to router via base station aka access point wireless LANs: within building (100 ft) a/b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps transmission rate n/ac: hundreds of Mbps wide-area wireless access provided by telco (cellular) operator, 10 s km between 1 and 10 Mbps 3G, 4G LTE LTE: ideally Mbps to Internet to Internet Introduction 1-17

18 Physical media v bit: propagates between transmitter/receiver pairs v physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver v guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax v unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio twisted pair (TP) v two insulated copper wires Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gpbs Ethernet Category 6: 10Gbps Introduction 1-18

19 Physical media: coax, fiber coaxial cable: v two concentric copper conductors v bidirectional v broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC fiber optic cable: v glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit v high-speed operation: high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10 s-100 s Gpbs transmission rate) v low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart immune to electromagnetic noise Introduction 1-19

20 Physical media: radio v signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum v no physical wire v bidirectional v propagation environment effects: reflection obstruction by objects interference radio link types: v terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels v LAN (e.g., WiFi) 11Mbps, 54 Mbps v wide-area (e.g., cellular) 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps v satellite Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude Introduction 1-20

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