Computer Networks. Lecture 1: Introduction. Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach. Dr. Yaoqing Liu
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1 Computer Networks Lecture 1: Introduction Dr. Yaoqing Liu Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012 Based on slides by J. F. Kurose and K. W. Ross. Introduction 1-1
2 Why study computer networks? They are engineering marvels! Scalability, layered protocols, lots of subtleties- worthy of study They are all around us! Understanding the nuts and bolts behind a technology you use every day is exciting They are changing the world! Profound societal changes taking place in our lifetime -2
3 How much do you know already? Write about: What is your background regarding programming language(level), network related knowledge, project or certificate? What do you hope to learn in this class? What happens when you fetch a web page in as much technical detail as you can -3
4 Goals of this class Understand both basic computer networking concepts and their instantiation in the current Internet Question why the current Internet is the way it is Appreciate good Understand limitations and consider solutions Gain practical skills (network analysis, network programming) -4
5 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.0 why and history 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 network core packet switching, circuit switching, network structure 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 networks under attack: security Introduction 1-5
6 Internet history : Early packet-switching principles 1961: Kleinrock (MIT graduate student)- queueing theory shows effectiveness of packetswitching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational 1972: ARPAnet public demo NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol first program ARPAnet has 15 nodes Introduction 1-6
7 Internet history : Internetworking, new and proprietary nets 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC late70 s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70 s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes Cerf and Kahn s internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control define today s Internet architecture Introduction 1-7
8 Internet history : new protocols, a proliferation of networks 1983: deployment of TCP/ IP 1982: smtp protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-ip-address translation 1985: ftp protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks Introduction 1-8
9 Internet history 1990, 2000 s: commercialization, the Web, new apps early 1990 s: ARPAnet decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960 s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990 s: commercialization of the Web late 1990 s 2000 s: more killer apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharing network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps Introduction 1-9
10 Internet history 2005-present ~750 million hosts Smartphones and tablets Aggressive deployment of broadband access Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access Emergence of online social networks: Facebook: soon one billion users Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own networks Bypass Internet, providing instantaneous access to search, , etc. E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services in cloud (eg, Amazon EC2) Introduction 1-10
11 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view PC server wireless laptop smartphone wireless links wired links millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps communication links fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate: bandwidth mobile network home network global ISP regional ISP router Packet switches: forward packets (chunks of data) routers and switches institutional network Introduction 1-11
12 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view Internet: network of networks Interconnected ISPs protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force mobile network home network global ISP regional ISP institutional network Introduction 1-12
13 What s the Internet: a service view Infrastructure that provides services to applications: Web, VoIP, , games, e- commerce, social nets, provides programming interface to apps hooks that allow sending and receiving app programs to connect to Internet provides service options, analogous to postal service mobile network home network institutional network global ISP regional ISP Introduction 1-13
14 What s a protocol? human protocols: what s the time? I have a question introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt Introduction 1-14
15 What s a protocol? a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi Got the time? 2:00 time TCP connection request TCP connection response Get <file> Q: other human protocols? Introduction 1-15
16 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 network core packet switching, circuit switching, network structure 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 networks under attack: security Introduction 1-16
17 A closer look at network structure: network edge: hosts: clients and servers servers often in data centers access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links mobile network home network global ISP regional ISP network core: interconnected routers network of networks institutional network Introduction 1-17
18 Access networks and physical media Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated? Introduction 1-18
19 Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL) central office telephone network DSL modem splitter voice, data transmitted at different frequencies over dedicated line to central office DSLAM DSL access multiplexer ISP use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM data over DSL phone line goes to Internet voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps) < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps) Introduction 1-19
20 Introduction Access net: cable network cable modem splitter cable headend Channels V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O D A T A D A T A C O N T R O L frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted in different frequency bands 1-20
21 Access net: cable network cable headend cable modem splitter data, TV transmitted at different frequencies over shared cable distribution network CMTS cable modem termination system ISP HFC: hybrid fiber coax asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream transmission rate network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router homes share access network to cable headend unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office Introduction 1-21
22 Access net: home network wireless devices often combined in single box to/from headend or central office cable or DSL modem wireless access point (54 Mbps) router, firewall, NAT wired Ethernet (100 Mbps) Introduction 1-22
23 Enterprise access networks (Ethernet) institutional link to ISP (Internet) institutional router Ethernet switch institutional mail, web servers typically used in companies, universities, etc 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch Introduction 1-23
24 Wireless access networks shared wireless access network connects end system to router via base station aka access point wireless LANs: within building (100 ft) b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps transmission rate wide-area wireless access provided by telco (cellular) operator, 10 s km between 1 and 10 Mbps 3G, 4G: LTE to Internet to Internet Introduction 1-24
25 Host: sends packets of data host sending function: takes application message breaks into smaller chunks, known as packets, of length L bits transmits packet into access network at transmission rate R link transmission rate, aka link capacity, aka link bandwidth 2 host 1 two packets, L bits each R: link transmission rate packet transmission delay time needed to transmit L-bit packet into link = = L (bits) R (bits/sec) 1-25
26 Physical media bit: propagates between transmitter/receiver pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio twisted pair (TP) two insulated copper wires Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gpbs Ethernet Category 6: 10Gbps Introduction 1-26
27 Physical media: coax, fiber coaxial cable: two concentric copper conductors bidirectional broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC fiber optic cable: glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation: high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10 s-100 s Gpbs transmission rate) low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart immune to electromagnetic noise Introduction 1-27
28 Physical media: radio signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum no physical wire bidirectional propagation environment effects: reflection obstruction by objects interference radio link types: terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN (e.g., WiFi) 11Mbps, 54 Mbps insulated wide-area (e.g., cellular) 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps satellite Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude Introduction 1-28
29 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.0 History 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 network core packet switching, circuit switching, network structure 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 networks under attack: security Introduction 1-29
30 Review textbook in more detail Introduction 1-30
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