Literature Survey on Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF R&D IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT Vol.4, Issue 2, June 2016, p.p , ISSN X Literature Survey on Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Shefali 1,Shikha Bhardwaj 2, Priya Singh 3 1,2,3 Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of ECE., University institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. ABSTRACT Wireless Sensor Networks has become a very hot research area from the last few years due to its wide range of applications.these networks provide an interface between physical and virtual worlds. But the major problem with WSN s is their limited node energy and hence lesser life time. Thus the routing protocols are designed such that they can minimize these limitations. LEACH ( Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is the basic routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, we present the fine grained literature survey on various clustering routing protocols in WSN. Different protocols with improvement in basic LEACH such as LEACH-A, LEACH-B, LEACH-E etc. are surveyed with their various advantages and shortcomings. These are better than basic LEACH protocol on the basis of energy efficiency and network lifetime but with the effect of increased cost and complexity of the network. Finally, the paper is summarize and concluded with some future scopes. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN), CH(Cluster Head), cluster construction, data transmission, LEACH 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Networks consists of thousands of sensors that are grouped together and connected wirelessly to form the network. The sensors present in the network have a very limited battery power thus increasing the network lifetime is the main challenge in the design of WSN and for this purpose various energy efficient routing protocols have been designed. Clustering protocols aims to achieve energy efficiency. The cluster architecture is one in which whole network divided into clusters where each cluster is controlled by CH. Inter cluster communication distance and intra cluster communication distance depend on number of cluster head. The efficiency of clustering architecture depend on how effective CH selection approach.[2] Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered to be suitable protocol in various clustering protocols.[3] It finds the optimal number of clusters in the networks so as to save energy and enhancing the lifetime of the networks. In this paper, we have surveyed the various Hierarchical/ Clustering protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. The advantages and limitations of various routing protocols have also been analyzed. Available at : Page 243 R&D Publications

2 2. CHALLENGES FACED BY WSN: In Wireless Sensor networks the sensor nodes have limited communication bandwidth, space and most important they have very limited processing power. Due to these limitations processing of information and management of data becomes also very challenging task. Various data processing techniques need to be developed such as multicast and broadcast, data aggregation etc. The network lifetime is calculated by the residual energy of the complete system and is the most challenging feature in WSN. This feature is also used for evaluating the sensor network performance [6]. 3. HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN Hierarchical protocols are basically clustering based protocols [4]. It uses data aggregation algorithm to reduce the energy consumption which collects the data from all sensor nodes and transmit to the aggregator. To increase the network lifetime data is aggregated in the energy efficient manner.[5]. Fig 1: Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Network [15] The main hierarchical protocol is the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). It increases the energy consumption because the transmission is not completed by the nodes but by cluster heads [7]. 3.1 LEACH Protocol LEACH was introduced by W.B.Heinzelman.This protocol runs with many rounds. Each round contains two states: cluster setup state and steady state. In the set-up phase, the cluster head is selected for the current round by the node.. This decision is taken by the node while choosing a random number between 0 and 1. If the number is less than a threshold T (n), the node becomes a cluster-head for the current round.[8] Page 244

3 Fig 2: LEACH Algorithm Flow chart [8] No doubt, that LEACH protocol increases the lifetime of the network as compared to static and multi-hop routing. But the main problem with this LEACH protocol is that, the cluster head selection algorithm in this protocol avoids energy loss of cluster heads and it reduces the communication by reducing the efficiency of data aggregation.[8] 4. RELATED WORK Mu Tang et al., 2010 : Based on the study of the limitations in LEACH protocol of the fluctuation in the number of cluster heads and negligence of the node s residual energy, he analyzed a novel protocol called LEACH-B (LEACH-Balanced). In order to modify the number of cluster head in set up phase.this advanced protocol adds a second selection of cluster heads considering the node s residual energy per round and secondly to increase the network s life span and to save energy consumption it ensures that the cluster partition is uniform and balanced by dominating the number if cluster heads needed. The result of the author proves that the energy consumption by the LEACH-B protocol is balanced and minimum as compared by the simple LEACH protocol and moreover the life span of nodes in LEACH-B protocol is much more. Asha Ahlawat et al., 2013 The author presented a latest and new version of leach protocol known as Improved VLEACH whose main aim is to increase life time of the network. In V-LEACH protocol, inspite of having a CH in the cluster, there is one more member a vice-ch that takes the role of the CH when the CH dies and hence there is no need to select a CH at every round which in turn increases the life span of the network. This decision of the Cluster head and Vice-CH selection is on the basis of Energy, Distance and Residual Energy. Sunkara Vinodh Kumar et al 2013 The author here presented another protocol called as Assisted LEAH (A-LEACH) which separates the tasks of Data Aggregation and Routing. The new concept of helper nodes is introduced which assists the Cluster Heads for Multi hop routing by a new energy efficient algorithm. Page 245

4 This protocol increases the lifetime and minimizes the energy dissipation in the network by distributing the overall energy dissipation between Sensor nodes, Helper nodes and Cluster Heads.[14] M.Tripathi et al 2013 He proposed a energy efficient LEACH-C protocol to improve the energy consumption and to increase the life span of the network. In this protocol the sorting algorithm is run by base station to create the list of nodes in descending order on the basis of their energy. The node having the maximum energy will be chosen as the cluster head.[12] But inspite of all these advantages it has some limitations also, because if more than one node having the same energy CH will be selected on the basis of id s of the nodes which in turn decreases the overall performance of the network. So the improvement over this protocol has been proposed by another author. Sarabjeet Kaur et al 2015 The paper presented by the author is based on the optimized algorithm known as OLEACH-C which has better performance than the LEACH-C protocol. The node having the maximum residual energy will be selected as Cluster Head and if more than one nodes have the same energy than CH is selected on the basis of node distance from the base station. The node having the minimum distance will be selected as a CH. The results shown by the author proves that OLEACH-C protocol offers the minimum energy consumption and lesser communication links which makes the network more energy efficient and cost effective. 5. CONCLUSION We have surveyed different literatures on various protocols based on energy consumption and limited life span of Wireless Sensor Networks and found that the basic principle of all the protocols is same i.e. the selection of best optimum Cluster Head by different ways. Although LEACH is the basic protocol on which all other protocols are proposed by varying some parameters. All have its advantages and limitations in terms of energy efficiency and network lifetime. Still this area needs further improvements in selection of optimum Cluster Heads so that the energy consumption can be minimized and life time of the network can be maximized but not on the basis of increased cost. REFERENCES: 1. Wendi B. Heinzelman and P. Chandrakasan, An Application specific Protocol Architecture for WSN, IEEE transactions on wireless communication, vol. 1,No.-4,pp , Md. Faruqul Islam, Yogesh Kumar, saurabh, Recent Trends in Energy Efficient Clustering in WSN, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 95,No.-20,pp , A. Joshi and P. M. Lakshmi, A survey of hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networks, vol. 4, no. 4, Aug T. Abdelzaher, T. He, R. Kravets, Q. Cao, "Cluster-Based Forwarding for Reliable End-to-End Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE communications,pp , Arijit Ukil, Privacy Preserving Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks, Sixth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, pp , IEEE Page 246

5 6. J. N. Al-Karaki and A. Kamal, Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey, vol. 11, pp. 6 28, Dec V.A. Geetha, P.V. Kallapurb, S. Tellajeera, Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: Performance Comparison of LEACH & LEACH-C Protocols Using NS2, procedia technology, vol. 4 pp , Elsevier MU. Tang and Minghao Tang, LEACH-B : An Improved LEACH Protocol For Wireless Sensor Network, IEEE,PP. 1-4, Chunyao FU, Zhifang JIANG, Wei WEI, An Energy Balanced Algorithm of LEACH Protocol in WSN, International journal of computer science IJCSI,vol. 10, issue 1,No. 1, Ningbo Wang And Hao Zhu, An Energy Efficient Algorithm Based On LEACH Protocol, IEEE International Conference On Computer Science And Electronics Engineering, PP , Asha Alawat and Vineeta Malik, An Extended Vice-CH Selection Appraoch To Improve LEACH Protocol in WSN, IEEE 3 rd International Conference on Advance Computing & Communication technologies,pp , M. Tripathi,, M.S. Gaur, V. Laxmi and R.B. Battula, Energy Efficient LEACH-C Protocol for Wireless sensor Network, In computational intelligence and information technology, pp , IET Ravi Kishore Kodali And Naveen Kumar Aravapalli, Multi-level LEACH Protocol model using NS-3,Internation Conference on Wireless and Mobile Networks, IEEE, Sunkara Vinodh Kumar and Ajit Pal, Assisted Leach Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 4, P. Garg K. Saroha, R. Lochab, Review of Wireless Sensor Networks - Architecture and Applications,,International Journal of Computer Science & Management Studies (IJCSMS), Vol Sarabjeet Kaur and Ravi Gupta, Deploying an Optimized LEACH C Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Software Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 7, Page 247