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1 The WLAN Roadmap Wireless Local Area Networking (WLAN) is a simple concept, but one that entails a wide, sometimes confusing, variety of standards, implementations, and future plans for development. This article provides a map, so you can understand what the current standards are, how they relate to one another, and how they will develop into the standards and implementations of the future. More reading: The IEEE, and the standards themselves Wi Fi Alliance fi.org/opensection/index.asp Toshiba "Technology trends" What exactly is WLAN? Simply stated, wireless LAN is a local network of devices that send and receive data via radio frequency (RF), thus no longer requiring network cabling. Users benefit by gaining flexibility and mobility, though there is a trade off in terms of performance as today s wireless standards offer a maximum of 54 Mbps as compared to standard wired Ethernet rates of 100 Mbps. Enhanced and emerging WLAN standards aim to boost speeds and WLAN performance, thus boosting wireless productivity even more. Fundamentally, WLAN configurations consist of two essential network components: an access point (AP), and a station (STA). Access points act as network hubs and routers. Typically, at the back end, an access point connects to a wider LAN, WAN, or even the Internet itself. At the front end the access point acts as a contact point for a flexible number of stations. A station moving into the effective broadcast radius of an access point can then connect to the local network served by the AP (all the other local stations and resources in the LAN) as well as the wider network connected to the AP s back end. The flexible (even ad hoc) nature of WLAN configurations means that managing them can be much more complex than wired connections where you essentially configure once and forget. To enhance wireless usage, some vendors provide software tools to assist in the set up and configuration of wireless networks (such as Toshiba s ConfigFree). A word about bandwidth and throughput Bandwidth and throughput are two different things. In the world of wired networking, the differences between them in performance terms are not nearly as dramatic as in the wireless world. The bandwidth of a network represents the maximum performance offered by connections you can think of it as the size of the pipe through which data can flow. The throughput of a network represents the actual performance offered by connections the rate of actual data flowing through the pipe. Thus, the throughput rate can never be greater than a system s bandwidth; and, in nearly all cases, throughput is significantly less than the bandwidth (because of radio interference, data congestion, the number of stations vying for an APs resources, and so on). The WLAN Roadmap Page 1 of 5 FEA WLAN roadmap 1057

2 WLAN standards today WLAN standards in use today basically divide into three general groupings; foundational, leading edge and enhanced. Next, we take a look at how these standards evolved WLAN Standard Description Original, foundational networking standard b Foundation networking standard, most popular in home/business Transfer method FHSS, DSSS, infrared DSSS, HR DSSS Frequency range Supported Bandwidth Typical Throughput 2.4 GHz, IR 2 Mbps < 1 Mbps 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps ~4 Mbps a Leading edge high speed networking standard, most popular in medium/large business OFDM 5 GHz 54 Mbps ~22 Mbps g Leading edge, high speed networking standard, gaining acceptance in home/business DSSS, HR DSSS, OFDM 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps ~22 Mbps, ~4 Mbps when interoperating with b components Atheros Enhanced wireless performance, based on the existing standards. Performs on top of the existing standard employed in the network. 108 Mbps ~60 Mbps The WLAN Roadmap Page 2 of 5 FEA WLAN roadmap 1057

3 Foundational WLAN standards There are two foundational WLAN standards: , and b. The original standard is, today, almost entirely obsolete. Once equipment implementing b was made more widely available, it quickly moved into use and propelled growth of the WLAN industry itself. The cost of equipment was not attractive for the bandwidth it supported: 2 megabits per second (2 Mbps) bandwidth, with an effective throughput of half that, or less b increased the available bandwidth, and throughput, by a factor of five with only a marginal difference in cost b equipment quickly made its way into small businesses and homes: the flexibility of WLAN combined with the useful data rates now available made it very attractive for people to set up small use networks. For the most part, smallbusinesses and home networks have adopted and continue widely to use b. Reasons for the continued popularity of b include: ratified in 1999, b networks are widely implemented already satisfactory performance economical price a system designed to cope with the architectural space (lots of walls and floors between APs and STAs) widely available, meaning that mobile connectivity with this standard is easily accessible. This despite the drawback that b s use of the 2.4 GHz band places the networks in a situation where it must cope with interference from other devices inhabiting the same band (Bluetooth devices, cordless phones, microwave ovens, for example). Leading edge WLAN standards Although ratified at the same time as b, a faced a much slower deployment, despite the fact that it offered much greater performance (modern a systems afford a five factor increase upon the performance of b in optimum situations). Several factors limited widespread adoption: products were slower to come to market, starting in about 2001 acceptance was much delayed in Europe (especially the UK) where a s operation in the regulated 5 GHz band could have caused problems with military and government communications operating in the regulated 5 GHz band rather than the unregulated 2.4 GHz band meant higher costs for a equipment a tighter broadcast radius (more access points required, hence more expensive to implement over a larger area) poorer penetration through walls and floors. In the wide open spaces of the modern office building used by medium to large sized companies, a systems proved popular, particularly because: cost was less of an issue and not so much higher as to be a deterrent the architecture of the space suited the system high performance was very important. One of the primary leading edge WLAN standards in use today is g (ratified in 2003). This standard achieves high performance by using the transmission protocols (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, or OFDM) employed by a; however, it also uses the 2.4 GHz band and underlying protocols of (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, or DSSS), and is The WLAN Roadmap Page 3 of 5 FEA WLAN roadmap 1057

4 constructed to be fully backwards compatible with b equipment. As a result of this compatibility and pricecompetitiveness with a equipment, g solutions are swiftly achieving wide spread acceptance. Home and business users are adopting the g components piece meal, replacing their existing b. Vendors have made this transition especially easy with the falling prices of wireless routers (access points) and including WLAN capability in a wider and wider range of computer offerings (desktops and laptops) and peripheral components (printers and scanners). Purchasers can buy an g AP that can support their existing b computers, knowing that sometime in the near future, they can replace their computers at their natural obsolescence point with one that supports the higherperformance AP. Finally, some vendors are offering a/g dual mode devices. Dual mode APs and STAs can support connections to both a and g (and therefore b) networks, ensuring wireless connectivity for all of today s standards. Enhanced WLAN standards A number of vendors build on the existing standards providing various kinds proprietary extensions to provide performance enhancements. Atheros SuperG system is a useful example of this: SuperG components are fully compatible with standard components, but in combination with other Super G components, they employ a series of techniques to offer much greater performance. For example, Super G components can provide data compression in the networking hardware, so that more data can be sent over the network in the same time. Super G systems can also bond two network channels together and use them both in a single AP STA connection, achieving twice the effective bandwidth over plain g or a systems. Mapping WLAN into the future The future of WLAN performance has many aspects; in this section, we describe some of the most important standards you should know about to understand the map of WLAN s future directions e provides Quality of Service (QoS) As the need for high speed, asynchronous data transfers increases, a standard for determining QoS in the network also becomes increasingly important. QoS is particularly important for real time, streaming video and audio data. Ensuring consistent performance is especially important for the viewer/listener. Whether for a VoWLAN telephone call or a high definition video streamed wirelessly, it is important that the experience be seamless e describes standards for APs and STAs to determine the quality of a wireless connection. APs and STAs can then use this data to dynamically adjust their connections to optimize behaviour. For example, detecting a high rate of errors in packet transmission, the system could slow down the attempted transfer rate and switch to a slower, but more effective, system of error checking and re transmission h makes a safe in Europe The h standard enhances a, adding specifications for support of Transmission Power Control (TPC) and Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS). These extensions ensure that h equipment can function in the 5 GHz band without interfering with European government and military communications i provides more robust security One of the knocks against the foundational systems was their attention to network security. Complex configuration combined with relatively weak ciphering on the connections themselves resulted in a widespread problem of insecure wireless LANs (for example, leading to the practice of war driving : roaming around with wireless equipment looking for The WLAN Roadmap Page 4 of 5 FEA WLAN roadmap 1057

5 vulnerable wireless systems whose network connection resources could be appropriated) i describes fundamental standards for implementing robust network security on top of WLAN Standard Description Ratification Date Anticipated Benefit networks, and will doubtless become important in the future. However, i will require adjustments to the wireless hardware; it cannot be implemented solely in e Quality of Service Pending (some time in 2005) Improved voice and video over wireless (VoWLAN) software, and will therefore be phased in more slowly as people will have to replace their equipment n offers another five factor increase in performance Although still in very early stages, n represents h Mitigation measures for a i Security September 2003 June 2004 Safer operation of a in European 5 GHz band. Enhanced wireless security the next generation in wireless networking. The shapers of this standard hope that this new standard will provide a basis for another five fold increase in performance: effective throughput in excess of n Faster WLAN (throughput in excess of 100 Mbps) Currently only in proposal phase; expected ratification not yet sets Greatly enhanced throughput to support rich media data Mbps, with bandwidths over 200 Mbps. Current estimates place equipment in the field in a year or two, and this would mean a performance improvement of two orders of magnitude over the initial standard in ten years time. Currently, discussions are still ongoing as to exactly what protocols and technologies will form n. However, everyone seems to be agreed that one technique used will be Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO): the employment of multiple antennae and multiple channels to increase the effective bandwidth of a connection. One immediate and obvious disadvantage to MIMO systems is the increase in spectrum used which implies an increase in the number of components used, the complexity of the components, and the power those component use. Since WLAN and portable computing are a natural fit, vendors are working hard to improve MIMO systems to simplify them, reducing cost, complexity, and power consumption so that future generations of portable devices can continue to drive WLAN development as they have to this point Toshiba Europe GmbH. While Toshiba has made every effort at the time of publication to ensure the accuracy of the information provided herein, product specifications, configurations, prices, system/component/options availability are all subject to change without notice. For the most up-to-date product information about your computer, or to stay current with the various computer software or hardware options, visit Toshiba s Web site at pcsupport.toshiba.com. The WLAN Roadmap Page 5 of 5 FEA WLAN roadmap 1057

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