COMPARISON STUDY OF NEXT GENERATION FTTH PON ARCHITECTURES MOHAMED ELMAGZOUB ABDALLA ZEINELABDIN

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COMPARISON STUDY OF NEXT GENERATION FTTH PON ARCHITECTURES MOHAMED ELMAGZOUB ABDALLA ZEINELABDIN A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

1 COMPARISON STUDY OF NEXT GENERATION FTTH PON ARCHITECTURES MOHAMED ELMAGZOUB ABDALLA ZEINELABDIN A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Electrical- Electronics & Telecommunications) Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JANUARY 2012

2 To my beloved mother and father To my brothers and sisters To the Islamic nation

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In The Name Of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful First and foremost, I must be thankful to Allah SWT on His blessing for finishing the research.

Without his continual support and interest, this project report would not have been that same as presented here.

3 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In The Name Of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful First and foremost, I must be thankful to Allah SWT on His blessing for finishing the research. I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Assoc. Prof Dr. Sevia M. Idrus, for his precious guidance, encouragement, constructive criticisms, advice and motivation. Without his continual support and interest, this project report would not have been that same as presented here. Besides that, my highly appreciation extended to my parents for their supporting, patience, love, prayer and sacrifice are unbounded during my study. My special thanks must be extended to Prof. Abu Bakar bin Mohammad who taught me Optical Communication and showed to me how this area is interesting. Also, I would like to express my thanks to Mr. Redhwan Qasem Shaddad for introducing me to Optisystem software.

v ABSTRACT Recent research activities in the area of optical networks technology are focusing on possible extensions of current GPON and EPON since these systems may suffer bandwidth limitations in

In this project two network architectures were proposed to satisfy the requirements of NG-PON1 while being compatible with the standardized GPON to protect the investment that have been spent.

4 v ABSTRACT Recent research activities in the area of optical networks technology are focusing on possible extensions of current GPON and EPON since these systems may suffer bandwidth limitations in the future, and they do not make use of the full optical bandwidth. In this project two network architectures were proposed to satisfy the requirements of NG-PON1 while being compatible with the standardized GPON to protect the investment that have been spent. The two proposed architectures have been simulated by using Optisystem simulation tool, and then analyze the performances of the networks according to simulation results. The performance evaluation parameters were the Q Factor (BER) and optical power budget. The first architecture is a TDM-PON based. The main reason behind using TDMA in the first architecture (10G TDM-PON) is to allow co-existence with the current generation PONs. The second architecture is Hybrid TDM-WDM PON. After knowing the optimum performance for each architectures by considering numbers of users (32, 64 and 128) and different length fiber (from 20 to 100 km), a comparison between the architectures is done. The Hybrid TDM-WDM PON architecture has more power budget capability than the 10G TDM-PON architecture. Therefore Hybrid TDM- WDM PON architecture was found capable to serve longer distance than 10G TDM- PON architecture. The two proposed architectures meet the requirements of NG PON1, such as providing higher splitting ratio, higher bandwidth and longer reach then current GPON system.

vi ABSTRAK Aktiviti penyelidikan terkini dalam bidang teknologi rangkaian optik banyak memberi tumpuan kepada bentuk sambungan yang mungkin bagi konfigurasi GPON dan EPON kerana sistem ini juga akan

Dalam projek ini, dua seni bina rangkaian telah dicadangkan untuk memenuhi keperluan NG-PON1 dan pada masa yang sama diserasikan dengan GPON diseragamkan untuk melindungi pelaburan yang telah

5 vi ABSTRAK Aktiviti penyelidikan terkini dalam bidang teknologi rangkaian optik banyak memberi tumpuan kepada bentuk sambungan yang mungkin bagi konfigurasi GPON dan EPON kerana sistem ini juga akan mengalami had jalurlebar pada masa akan datang, ini kerana ia tidak menggunakan jalur lebar optik sepenuhnya. Dalam projek ini, dua seni bina rangkaian telah dicadangkan untuk memenuhi keperluan NG-PON1 dan pada masa yang sama diserasikan dengan GPON diseragamkan untuk melindungi pelaburan yang telah dibelanjakan. Kedua-dua seni bina yang dicadangkan telah diuji dan disimulasikan dengan menggunakan program simulasi komesial Optisystem 7.0, dan kemudiannya prestasi rangkaian dianalisi berdasarkan hasil keputusan simulasi. Parameter penilaian prestasi Q-Factor (BER) dan anggaran kuasa optik juga dianalisa. Seni bina pertama adalah berasaskan TDM-PON, yang menggunakan teknik TDMA adalah dengan membenarkan kewujudan kaedah yang mendokong generasi semasa PONs. Seni bina kedua pula ialah Hibrid TDM-WDM PON. Setiap senibina rangkaian terpilih diuji untuk mengetahui prestasi optima bagi setiap bilangan pengguna (32, 64 dan 128) dengan mengambilkira berbagai panjang gentian ( km), untuk membuat perbandingan keupayaan di antara seni bina rangkaian. Dalam simulasi ini didapati, senibina hibrid TDM-WDM PON mempunyai keupayaan bajet kuasa yang lebih mampan daripada seni bina rangkaian 10G TDM-PON. Oleh itu senibina Hibrid TDM-WDM PON mempunyai keupayaan jarak penhantaran yang lebih jauh daripada seni bina 10G TDM-PON. Kedua-dua seni bina yang dicadangkan memenuhi kehendak NG PON1, seperti kemampuan menyediakan nisbah belahan spektra lebih tinggi, lebar jalur yang lebih luas dan jarak capaian ketibaan yang lebih jauh berbanding sistem GPON semasa.

6 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii iii iv v vi vii x xii xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Problem Statement Project Objectives Scopes of Project Methodology Thesis Outline 6 2 FIBER TO THE HOME PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK 2.1 Introduction What Is FTTx? 8

7 vill 2.3 FTTH Access Architecture Multiplexing Methods in FTTH PONs TDM-PON Advantages and Limitations 12 of TDM-PON WDM-PON Advantages and Limitations 13 of WDM-PON Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON PON System Power Budgets PON System Power Budget 16 Specifications 2.6 PON Standards APON BPON EPON GPON Comparison of xpon Standards NEXT GENERATION PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK 3.1 Introduction NG-PON Requirements NG-PON Roadmap NG-PON1 Technologies G-PON (XG-PON) G-EPON Comparison of NG-PON1 Standards NG-PON Literature Review on the Latest 28 Developments on NG-PONs NG-PON ARCHITECTURES SIMULATION 4.1 Introduction 30

8 4.2 Design Methodology Simulation Using Optisystem Software G TDM-PON Architecture Network Model Simulation setup The ODN Model Parameters for 10G 36 TDM-PON Architecture OLT and ONU Models for 10G 36 TDM-PON Architecture 4.5 Hybrid TDM-WDM PON Architecture 38 Network Model 5 SIMULATION RESULT AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction Performance Analysis of 10G TDM-PON 40 Architecture Analysis of Q Factor Performance to 41 the Fiber Length Analysis of Q Factor Performance to 42 the Input Power 5.3 Performance Analysis of Hybrid TDM-WDM 49 PON Architecture Analysis of Q Factor Performance to 49 the Fiber Length 5.4 Comparison between 10G TDM-PON and 52 Hybrid TDM-WDM PON 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 6.1 Conclusion Future Works 55 REFERENCES 57

9 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Typical ITU Power Budget classes BPON downstream/upstream bit-rate combinations GPON downstream/upstream bit-rate combinations Comparison Table of xpon standards G-EPON and XG-PON downstream/upstream bit-rate TDM-PON general parameters global parameter simulation setup Optical Fiber Parameters OLT parameters Hybrid TDM-WDM PON general parameters Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 64 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 128 users Summary for the maximum transmission distance for 46 different number of users (32, 64 and 128) 5.5 Optimizing the upstream input power for 32 user (from 5 46 to 2.5 dbm) 5.6 Optimizing the upstream input power for 64 user (from 5 47 to 3.5 dbm) 5.7 Optimizing the upstream input power for 128 user (from 48 5 to 3.5 dbm)

10 xi 5.8 Summary for the upstream input power after and before 49 the optimization 5.9 Summary for the maximum transmission distance for 52 different number of users (32, 64 and 128) for the two architectures 5.10 The main advantage and disadvantage for the two 53 architectures

11 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Methodology flow chart Some FTTx scenarios Architecture of a typical FTTH passive optical network Operation of a time-division multiplexing process Architecture of WDM-PON Example of hybrid WDM/TDM topology FSAN NG-PON roadmap Some of XG-PON scenarios The general architecture for 10G TDM-PON network 33 model 4.2 proposed 10G TDM-PON network model in the 34 Optisystem layout 4.3 ONU subsystem The general architecture of the Proposed Hybrid TDM- 39 WDM PON network model 5.1 Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 64 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 128 users Q Factor performance of varied input power for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied input power for 64 users Q Factor performance of varied input power for users

12 xiii 5.7 Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 64 users Factor performance of varied fiber length for 128 users Q Factor performance for varied data link rate for the 53 two architectures

13 xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10G-EPON - 10 Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network AES - Advanced Encryption Standard APON - ATM Passive Optical Network ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode BER - Bit Error Rate BPON - Broadband Passive Optical Network CAPEX - Capital Expenditures CO - Central Office CWDM - Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing DS - Downstream DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing EFM - Ethernet in the First Mile EPON - Ethernet Passive Optical Network FEC - Forward Error Correction FSAN - Full-Services Access Networks FTTB - Fiber-To-The-Building FTTC - Fiber-To-The-Curb FTTH - Fiber-To-The-Home FTTN - Fiber-To-The-Node FTTP - Fiber-To-The-Premises GEM - GPON Encapsulation Method GEPON - Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network GPON - Gigabit Passive Optical Network IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

14 xv ITU - International Telecommunication Union IPTV - Internet Protocol Television MAC - Media Access Control NG-PON - Next-Generation Passive Optical Network OCDMA - Optical Code Division Multiple Access ODN - Optical Distribution Network OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OLT - Optical Line Terminal ONUs - Optical Network Unit P2MP - Point to Multi-Point P2P - Point to Point PON - Passive Optical Network Q Factor - Quality Factor QoS - Quality of Service R&D - Research and Development RN - Remote Node TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access US - Upstream WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing XG-PON - 10 Gigabit Passive Optical Network

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Demands on bandwidth are growing rapidly, and end users have killer applications such as IPTV and peer-to-peer downloading, which they need huge bandwidth.

That has become the driving force for the recent enthusiasm in PONs and FTTx developments.

15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Demands on bandwidth are growing rapidly, and end users have killer applications such as IPTV and peer-to-peer downloading, which they need huge bandwidth. It becomes ever harder to support the fast growing capacity demands of the users, as these copper-based technologies are facing their fundamental bandwidth limitations. That has become the driving force for the recent enthusiasm in PONs and FTTx developments. In a fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) system, fiber is connected all the way from the service provider to household users. Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network systems, such as GPON (standardized in ITU-T Rec. G.984 series) and EPON (IEEE 802.3ah) have been standardized and are now being mass-deployed in various markets around the world. With the continuous increase in bandwidth demand generated by consumer and business applications, the need for a new, higher capacity access architecture is more than obvious. Therefore, one

2 of the principal requirements for next-generation PON (NG-PON) is to provide a substantial increase of the bandwidth available to end-subscribers, when compared with GPON and EPON.

GPON/EPON to NG-PON. In this project, the discussion will be focused on the performance analysis of NG-PON to investigate and compare the performances of the two candidate NG-PON architectures.

16 2 of the principal requirements for next-generation PON (NG-PON) is to provide a substantial increase of the bandwidth available to end-subscribers, when compared with GPON and EPON. Additionally, the investment made for deploying gigabit-capable PON systems, NG-PON must be able to protect the investment of the legacy networks by ensuring a subscriber seamless migration from GPON/EPON to NG-PON. In this project, the discussion will be focused on the performance analysis of NG-PON to investigate and compare the performances of the two candidate NG-PON architectures. This chapter presents the problem statement, project objectives, scopes of project, methodology and finally the thesis outline. 1.2 Problem Statement GPON (ITU-984) and EPON (IEEE 802.3ah) have been standardized and are now widely deployed. With the ever increasing bandwidth demand from consumer and business applications, these standards are running out of bandwidth. Therefore, there is a high need for next generation PON. The most general requirement for a NG- PON is to provide higher bandwidth than Gigabit PON. In addition, given the major investments by operators in deploying Gigabit PON, NG-PON must be able to protect the investment of the legacy Gigabit PONs by ensuring a subscriber seamless migration from Gigabit PON to NG-PON.

3 1.3 Project Objectives The objectives of this project are: 1. To study and investigate the performance of candidate architectures for next generation FTTH PONs. 2.

To facilitate higher bandwidth provision, higher number of users and extended network reach than current PON architectures (GPON & EPON).

17 3 1.3 Project Objectives The objectives of this project are: 1. To study and investigate the performance of candidate architectures for next generation FTTH PONs. 2. To do performance comparison for the architectures in terms of bandwidth and distance. 3. To facilitate higher bandwidth provision, higher number of users and extended network reach than current PON architectures (GPON & EPON). In this project, will try as much as possible to consider the current GPON architecture and flow its standard, as long as we meet the next generation objectives (increasing the bandwidth, the number of users and the reached distance). 1.4 Scopes of Project The scopes of this project are: 1. Literature review on the previous PONs and current. Then, Review on the current progress towards the NG PON that to be compatible with GPON. 2. Design and simulation different NG PON architectures. The simulation tool that will be used to achieve the objectives is Optisystem software. 3. Systems performance analysis, optimization and comparison. 4. Performance analysis: Analysis for the system performance will be done. The performance evaluation will be in terms of the Q Factor (BER) and optical power budget.

previous PONs and current have to be done.

18 4 1.5 Methodology The methodology of this research is shown in the flow chart in Figure 1.1 below: Figure 1.1: The methodology flow chart First of all, to design and simulate NG-PONs, full understanding and literature review on the previous PONs and current have to be done. Then, review on the current progress towards the NG PON that to be compatible with GPON. After completing the comprehensive literature review, two candidate architectures for NG PON can be selected to be design, simulated and Compared.

The performance evaluation as the evaluation strategy is set, will be in terms of the Q Factor (BER) and optical power budget.

19 5 The next two steps can be done in parallel. Identifying various parameters and set the strategy for evaluation. After knowing the various parameters of the design, simulate the networks by using Optisystem software. The performance evaluation as the evaluation strategy is set, will be in terms of the Q Factor (BER) and optical power budget. If the performance satisfies the specified criteria, comparison between the architectures will be done. Otherwise, optimizing in the design has to be done. Finally, writing the report. 1.6 Thesis Outline Chapter 1 consists of introduction of the project. It includes the problem statement, project objectives, scopes of project and the methodology. Chapter 2 explains about the basic theory of Passive Optical Network and Fiber to the Home. Then, brief explaining on Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network systems.

20 6 Chapter 3 focuses on the Next Generation Passive Optical Network and literature review on the latest developments on NG-PONs. Chapter 4 presents the simulation network models of the candidate architectures for the NG-PON. Chapter 5 discusses the simulation results and performance analysis based on the plotted graphs which were obtained after simulate the network model. Chapter 6 describes the summary of all have been done, conclusion and suggests for future work.

21 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii iii iv v vi vii x xii xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Problem Statement Project Objectives Scopes of Project Methodology Thesis Outline 6 2 FIBER TO THE HOME PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK 2.1 Introduction What Is FTTx? 8

22 vill 2.3 FTTH Access Architecture Multiplexing Methods in FTTH PONs TDM-PON Advantages and Limitations 12 of TDM-PON WDM-PON Advantages and Limitations 13 of WDM-PON Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON PON System Power Budgets PON System Power Budget 16 Specifications 2.6 PON Standards APON BPON EPON GPON Comparison of xpon Standards NEXT GENERATION PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK 3.1 Introduction NG-PON Requirements NG-PON Roadmap NG-PON1 Technologies G-PON (XG-PON) G-EPON Comparison of NG-PON1 Standards NG-PON Literature Review on the Latest 28 Developments on NG-PONs NG-PON ARCHITECTURES SIMULATION 4.1 Introduction 30

23 4.2 Design Methodology Simulation Using Optisystem Software G TDM-PON Architecture Network Model Simulation setup The ODN Model Parameters for 10G 36 TDM-PON Architecture OLT and ONU Models for 10G 36 TDM-PON Architecture 4.5 Hybrid TDM-WDM PON Architecture 38 Network Model 5 SIMULATION RESULT AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction Performance Analysis of 10G TDM-PON 40 Architecture Analysis of Q Factor Performance to 41 the Fiber Length Analysis of Q Factor Performance to 42 the Input Power 5.3 Performance Analysis of Hybrid TDM-WDM 49 PON Architecture Analysis of Q Factor Performance to 49 the Fiber Length 5.4 Comparison between 10G TDM-PON and 52 Hybrid TDM-WDM PON 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 6.1 Conclusion Future Works 55 REFERENCES 57

24 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Typical ITU Power Budget classes BPON downstream/upstream bit-rate combinations GPON downstream/upstream bit-rate combinations Comparison Table of xpon standards G-EPON and XG-PON downstream/upstream bit-rate TDM-PON general parameters global parameter simulation setup Optical Fiber Parameters OLT parameters Hybrid TDM-WDM PON general parameters Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 64 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 128 users Summary for the maximum transmission distance for 46 different number of users (32, 64 and 128) 5.5 Optimizing the upstream input power for 32 user (from 5 46 to 2.5 dbm) 5.6 Optimizing the upstream input power for 64 user (from 5 47 to 3.5 dbm) 5.7 Optimizing the upstream input power for 128 user (from 48 5 to 3.5 dbm)

25 xi 5.8 Summary for the upstream input power after and before 49 the optimization 5.9 Summary for the maximum transmission distance for 52 different number of users (32, 64 and 128) for the two architectures 5.10 The main advantage and disadvantage for the two 53 architectures

26 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Methodology flow chart Some FTTx scenarios Architecture of a typical FTTH passive optical network Operation of a time-division multiplexing process Architecture of WDM-PON Example of hybrid WDM/TDM topology FSAN NG-PON roadmap Some of XG-PON scenarios The general architecture for 10G TDM-PON network 33 model 4.2 proposed 10G TDM-PON network model in the 34 Optisystem layout 4.3 ONU subsystem The general architecture of the Proposed Hybrid TDM- 39 WDM PON network model 5.1 Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 64 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 128 users Q Factor performance of varied input power for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied input power for 64 users Q Factor performance of varied input power for users

27 xiii 5.7 Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 32 users Q Factor performance of varied fiber length for 64 users Factor performance of varied fiber length for 128 users Q Factor performance for varied data link rate for the 53 two architectures

28 xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10G-EPON - 10 Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network AES - Advanced Encryption Standard APON - ATM Passive Optical Network ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode BER - Bit Error Rate BPON - Broadband Passive Optical Network CAPEX - Capital Expenditures CO - Central Office CWDM - Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing DS - Downstream DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing EFM - Ethernet in the First Mile EPON - Ethernet Passive Optical Network FEC - Forward Error Correction FSAN - Full-Services Access Networks FTTB - Fiber-To-The-Building FTTC - Fiber-To-The-Curb FTTH - Fiber-To-The-Home FTTN - Fiber-To-The-Node FTTP - Fiber-To-The-Premises GEM - GPON Encapsulation Method GEPON - Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network GPON - Gigabit Passive Optical Network IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

29 xv ITU - International Telecommunication Union IPTV - Internet Protocol Television MAC - Media Access Control NG-PON - Next-Generation Passive Optical Network OCDMA - Optical Code Division Multiple Access ODN - Optical Distribution Network OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OLT - Optical Line Terminal ONUs - Optical Network Unit P2MP - Point to Multi-Point P2P - Point to Point PON - Passive Optical Network Q Factor - Quality Factor QoS - Quality of Service R&D - Research and Development RN - Remote Node TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access US - Upstream WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing XG-PON - 10 Gigabit Passive Optical Network

IMPROVED IMAGE COMPRESSION SCHEME USING HYBRID OF DISCRETE FOURIER, WAVELETS AND COSINE TRANSFORMATION MOH DALI MOUSTAFA ALSAYYH

4 IMPROVED IMAGE COMPRESSION SCHEME USING HYBRID OF DISCRETE FOURIER, WAVELETS AND COSINE TRANSFORMATION MOH DALI MOUSTAFA ALSAYYH A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of