2. A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork. 3. Each machine is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection.

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1 نموذج أسئلة اختبار النهائي عام 2017 الفصل الدراسي الثاني لمقرر شبكات الحاسب CHOSE 1. channel spectrum divided into frequency bands "FDMA" 2. A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork " internet" 3. Each machine is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. " Star" 4. DNS stand to "domain name system" 5. connection-oriented overview of "TCP" 6. Hub works on " Physical layer" 7. contains incoming messages for user " mailbox" 8. informally: too many sources sending too much data too fast for network to handle " congestion" 9. determine route taken by packets from source to dest " routing" 10. An interconnected collection of piconets is called a " scatternet" BLANK : 1. A LAN IS A PRIVATELY OWNED NETWORK THAT OPERATES WITHIN AND NEARBY A SINGLE BUILDING LIKE A HOME, OFFICE OR FACTORY 2. IP4V 20 bit 3. HTTP WORK AT 80 PORT 4. ARP STAND : Address resolution protocol

2 5. The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information between computers over a network medium into SEVEN smaller and more manageable problems Short 1. the difference between TCP AND UDP? reliable, in-order delivery (TCP) congestion control flow control connection setup unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP no-frills extension of best-effort IP services not available: delay guarantees bandwidth guarantees 2. the difference between NETWORK DATAGRAM AND Virtual circuits? NETWORK DATAGRAM no call setup at network layer routers: no state about end-to-end connections no network-level concept of connection packets forwarded using destination host address Virtual circuits call setup, teardown for each call before data can flow each packet carries VC identifier (not destination host address) every router on source-dest path maintains state for each passing connection link, router resources (bandwidth, buffers) may be allocated to VC (dedicated resources = predictable service) 3. Write about TCP/IP Reference model? The ARPANET was a research network sponsored by the DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). It eventually connected hundreds of universities and government installations, using leased telephone lines. When satellite and radio networks were added later, the existing protocols had trouble interworking with them. The ability to connect multiple networks in a seamless way was one of the major design goals. This architecture later became known as the TCP/IP Reference Model, after its two primary protocols. It was first described by Cerf and Kahn (1974), and later refined and defined as a standard in the Internet community (Braden, 1989). The design philosophy behind the model is discussed by Clark (1988).

3 4. what is the definition Ethernet and write about Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet? Ethernet is connection media access method that allows all host on a network to share the same bandwidth of a link. The basic idea behind fast Ethernet was simple: keep all the old frame formats, interfaces, and procedural rules, but reduce the bit time from 100 nsec to 10 nsec. The main disadvantage of a Category 3 twisted pair is its inability to carry 100 Mbps over 100 meters, the maximum computer-to-hub distance specified for 10-Mbps hubs. In contrast, Category 5 twisted pair wiring can handle 100 m easily, and fiber can go much farther. Gigabit Ethernet: supports both copper and fiber cabling. Signaling at or near 1 Gbps requires encoding and sending a bit every nanosecond. 5. write about Bluetooth and wireless? Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (ISM band from MHz). Bluetooth 1.0 was released in July For higher data rates were added to Bluetooth 2.0 in The 3.0 release in 2009, Bluetooth can be used for device pairing in combination with for high-throughput data transfer. The 4.0 release in December 2009 specified low-power operation. The basic unit of a Bluetooth system is a piconet, which consists of a master node and up to seven active slave nodes with in a distance of 10 meters. An interconnected collection of piconets is called a scatternet. In addition to the seven active slave nodes in a piconet, there can be up to 255 parked nodes in the net. The main wireless LAN standard is Wireless LANs can operate in one of two configurations, with a base station and without a base station networks can be used in two modes. In infrastructure mode, each client is associated with an AP (Access Point) that is in turn connected to the other network.

4 An ad hoc network: This mode is a collection of computers that are associated so that they can directly send frames to each other. There is no access point. 6. why using ARP? ARP table: each IP node (host, router) on LAN has table IP/MAC address mappings for some LAN nodes: < IP address; MAC address; TTL> TTL (Time To Live): time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min) Basically, ARP is a function of the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It is necessary to translate a host?s software address (IP address) to a hardware address (MAC address). Typically, a host uses ARP to determine the hardware address of another host. Your system maintains a table that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses of different systems and routers on your network. 7. WHAT IS THE Pipelined protocols and generic forms of pipelined protocols? pipelining: sender allows multiple, in-flight, yet-to-be-acknowledged pkts range of sequence numbers must be increased buffering at sender and/or receiver two generic forms of pipelined protocols: go-back-n, selective repeat Long 1. What is Computer Network AND Types of Network? A large number of separate but interconnected computers to share the resources are known as computer networks. PANs (Personal Area Networks) let devices communicate over the range of a person. A LAN is a privately owned network that operates within and nearby a single building like a home, office or factory. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city. The best-known examples of MANs are the cable television networks available in many cities.

5 A WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent. 2. write about HTTP,SMTP, FTP,NAT, DHCP? HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol Web s application layer protocol client/server model client: browser that requests, receives, (using HTTP protocol) and displays Web objects server: Web server sends (using HTTP protocol) objects in response to requests simple mail transfer protocol: SMTP uses TCP to reliably transfer message from client to server, port 25 direct transfer: sending server to receiving server three phases of transfer handshaking (greeting) transfer of messages closure command/response interaction (like HTTP, FTP) commands: ASCII text response: status code and phrase messages must be in 7-bit ASCI FTP: the file transfer protocol transfer file to/from remote host client/server model client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote) server: remote host ftp: RFC 959 ftp server: port 21 NAT: network address translation

6 motivation: local network uses just one IP address as far as outside world is concerned: range of addresses not needed from ISP: just one IP address for all devices can change addresses of devices in local network without notifying outside world can change ISP without changing addresses of devices in local network devices inside local net not explicitly addressable, visible by outside world (a security plus) DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol goal: allow host to dynamically obtain its IP address from network server when it joins network can renew its lease on address in use allows reuse of addresses (only hold address while connected/ on ) support for mobile users who want to join network (more shortly) DHCP overview: DORA concept host broadcasts DHCP discover msg [optional] DHCP server responds with DHCP offer msg [optional] host requests IP address: DHCP request msg DHCP server sends address: DHCP ack msg 3.What is the definition of MAP and board classes and write about TDNA, FDMA? multiple access protocol distributed algorithm that determines how nodes share channel, i.e., determine when node can transmit three broad classes: channel partitioning divide channel into smaller pieces (time slots, frequency, code) allocate piece to node for exclusive use random access channel not divided, allow collisions recover from collisions taking turns nodes take turns TDMA: time division multiple access access to channel in "rounds" each station gets fixed length slot unused slots go idle

7 example: 6-station LAN, 1,3,4 have pkt, slots 2,5,6 idle FDMA: frequency division multiple access channel spectrum divided into frequency bands each station assigned fixed frequency band unused transmission time in frequency bands go idle example: 6-station LAN, 1,3,4 have pkt, frequency bands 2,5,6 idle

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