Optical Burst Switched Networks

Transcription

1 Optical Burst Switched Networks

2 OPTICAL NETWORKS SERIES Series Editor Biswanath Mukherjee, University of California, Davis

3 OPTICAL BURST SWITCHED NETWORKS JASON P. JUE The University of Texas at Dallas VINOD M. VOKKARANE University of Massachussetts Dartmouth 4y Sprineer

4 Jason P. Jue The University of Texas at Dallas Dept. of Computer Science P.O. Box Richardson, TX Vmod M. Vokkarane University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth Dept. of Computer & Information Science 285 Old Westport Road North Dartmouth, MA Optical Burst Switched Networks Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN e-isbn Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America SPIN springeronline.com

5 To the memory of my brother, Jeff Jason P. Jue To my parents Vinod M. Vokkarane

6 Contents Dedication v List of Figures xi List of Tables xv Preface xvii 1. INTRODUCTION Optical Circuit Switching Optical Packet Switching Optical Burst Switching 6 References 9 2. TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE OBS Network Architecture Enabling Technology Physical-Layer Issues 18 References BURST ASSEMBLY Timer and Threshold Selection Effect of Burst Assembly on Traffic Characteristics Evaluation of Threshold-Based Burst Assembly Techniques 27 References SIGNALING Classification of Signaling Schemes Just-Enough-Time (JET) 42

7 Vlll 4.3 Tell-and-Wait (TAW) Intermediate Node Initiated (INI) Signaling Analytical Delay Model Numerical Results 53 References CONTENTION RESOLUTION Optical Buffering Wavelength Conversion Deflection Routing Burst Segmentation Segmentation with Deflection Contention Resolution and QoS 76 References CHANNEL SCHEDULING Segmentation-Based Channel Scheduling OBS Core Node Architecture Segmentation-Based Non-Preemptive Scheduling Algorithms Segmentation-Based Non-Preemptive Scheduling Algorithms with FDLs Numerical Results 98 References QUALITY OF SERVICE Relative QoS in OBS Networks Absolute QoS 122 References OTHER TOPICS Labeled OBS Multicasting in OBS Protection for Optical Burst-Switched Networks TCP over OBS OBS Testbeds 141 References 142

8 Contents ix Index 145

9 List of Figures 1.1 Evolution of optical transport methodologies A photonic packet-switch architecture The use of offset time in OBS Comparison of the different all-optical network technologies OBS Network Architecture OBS functional diagram Architecture of Core Router Architecture of Edge Router MEMS switch Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) switch Effect of load on timer-based and threshold-based aggregation techniques NSF network with 14 nodes (distances in km) The graphs for DP and SDP with single threshold and no burst priority in the network, (a) Packet loss probability versus load, (b) Packet loss probability versus varying threshold values The graphs for SDP with single threshold and two burst priorities in the network. Packet loss probability versus load for different threshold values The graphs for SDP with single threshold and two burst priorities in the network. Packet loss probability versus threshold for both classes of packets at a load of 0.5 Erlang. 33

10 xii List of Figures 3.6 The graphs for SDP with two thresholds and no burst priority in the network Packet loss probability versus varying both threshold values for both priorities The graphs for SDP with two threshold and two burst priorities in the network Packet loss probability versus varying threshold values for both priorities Signaling Classification Reservation and Release Mechanisms in OBS Just-Enough-Time (JET) signaling technique Comparison of (a) JET and (b) JIT based signaling Tell-and-Wait (TAW) signaling technique Intermediate Node Initiated (INI) Signaling Technique node NSF backbone network topology (distance in km) (a) Burst loss probability versus load, and (b) Average endto-end delay versus load, when the initiating nodes are source, first hop, second hop, third hop, and destination (a) Burst loss probability versus load, and (b) Average endto-end delay versus load, when the initiating nodes is source, center hop, and destination in the same network to provide differentiation through signaling Segments header details Selective segment dropping for two contending bursts Trailer packet effective Trailer packet ineffective Segmentation with deflection policy for two contending bursts NSF network with 14 nodes (distances in km) Packet loss probability versus load for NSFNET at low loads with i = 100 /JS and Poisson burst arrivals Packet loss probability versus load for NSFNET at high loads with ^ = 100 fis and Poisson burst arrivals Average number of hops versus load for NSFNET with i = 100 fjis and Poisson burst arrivals Average output burst size versus load for NSFNET with -jj = 100 /is and Poisson burst arrivals Packet loss probability versus load at varying switching times for NSFNET with ± = 100/iS and Poisson burst arrivals. 74

11 / Figures xiii 12 Packet loss probability versus load for NSFNET with Pareto burst arrivals Average number of hops versus load for NSFNET with Pareto burst arrivals Average output burst size versus load for NSFNET with Pareto burst arrivals Initial data channel status (a) without void filling (b) with void filling Channel assignment after using (a) non void filling algorithms (FFUC and LAUC), and (b) void filling algorithms (FFUC-VF and LAUC-VF) Block diagram of an OBS core node (a) Input-buffer FDL Architecture, and (b) Output-buffer FDL Architecture Initial data channel assignment using a) non-void filling and b) void filling scheduling Illustration of non-preemptive (a) NP-MOC scheduling algorithm, and (b) NP-MOC-VF scheduling algorithm Illustration of (a) NP-DFMOC algorithm, and (b) NP-DFMOC- VF algorithm Illustration of (a) NP-SFMOC algorithm, and (b) NP-SFMOC- VF algorithm Node NSF Network (a) Packet loss probability versus load, and (b) average endto-end delay versus load for different scheduling algorithms with 8 data channels on each link, for the NSF network (a) Packet loss probability versus load, and (b) average perhop FDL delay versus load for different scheduling algorithms with 8 data channels on each links and FDLs, for the NSF network (a) Contention of a low-priority burst with a high-priority burst, (b) Contention of a high-priority burst with a lowpriority burst, (c) Contention of equal priority bursts with longer contending burst, (d) Contention of equal priority bursts with shorter contending burst Packet loss probability versus load Average packet delay versus load Single class per burst Composite burst. 117

12 XIV List of Figures 7.6 Packet loss probability versus load Average delay versus load (a) Standard Dropping Mechanism, and (b) Early Dropping Mechanism Illustration of (a) SWG, and (b) DWG schemes (a) Class 0 and (b) Class 1 loss probability versus load for EDS, EDT and Proportional schemes Illustration of the integrated schemes Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) switch. 135

13 List of Tables 4.1 Summary of the different OBS signaling techniques Comparison of Segmentation-based Non-preemptive Scheduling Algorithms Comparison of Segmentation-based Non-preemptive Scheduling Algorithms with FDLs QoS policies for various contention scenarios. 112

14 Preface The amount of research being done in the area of optical burst switching has increased tremendously in the past several years. A few years ago, there were very few research works on optical burst switching. Now, entire technical sessions at major conferences are being devoted to the topic of optical burst switching, and several workshops on optical burst switching have been organized. An Optical Burst Switching Forum has been formed to facilitate research in optical burst switching through discussion and collaboration, and several international efforts are under way to develop optical burst-switched networks. The amount of research and development being devoted to optical burst switching is a good indication of the significant potential of optical burst-switched networks. Optical burst-switched networks have the potential to provide flexible all-optical data transmission without significant technological barriers. The book is intended to provide an overview of optical burst switching. Since the amount of research in optical burst switching is growing rapidly, it is impossible to cover every research work on the topic. Instead, we attempt to identify key areas in optical burst switching, and outline the various design choices and parameters in each of these areas. We then discuss several research papers within the context of this general framework and present in-depth coverage of selected scheme and techniques. The book is organized into eight chapers. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to optical burst switching, with comparisons to optical circuit and packet switching techniques. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the optical burst switching node architecture and discusses several component-level and physical-layer issues in optical burst-switched networks. Chapter 3 discusses the issue of burst assembly at the edge nodes. Chapter 4 discusses several signaling schemes for reserving resources in an optical burst-switched network. Chapter 5 discusses the is-

15 XV111 sue of contention in optical burst-switched networks and presents several approaches for resolving contention. Chapter 6 discusses the problem of scheduling bursts on wavelength-division multiplexed links. Chapter 7 presents an overview of quality of service schemes for optical burstswitched networks. Finally, Chapter 8 discusses various additional issues in optical burst-switched networks, such as survivability, mulitcasting, and the interaction of optical burst switching with higher-layer protocols and applications. Much of this book is the result of research that we have conducted with graduate students in the Advanced Networks Research Lab at the University of Texas at Dallas, and we would like to acknowledge the contributions of these students. In particular, we would like to thank Qiong Zhang for her contributions in the area of quality of service in optical burst-switched networks, Farid Farahmand, Tao Zhang, and Guru Thodime for their contributions related to contention resolution, Ravikiran Karanam for his contributions in signaling protocols, Karthik Haridoss for his work on burst assembly, and Sriranjani Sitaraman for her work on burst segmentation. We would also like to acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) through grant ANI Without this funding, the book would not have been possible. Finally, we would like to thank our parents for their love, support, and encouragement over the years. Jason P. Jue, jjue@utdallas.edu Vinod M. Vokkarane, vvokkarane@umassd.edu September 2004

16 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, the field of networking has experienced growth at a tremendous rate. The rapid expansion of the Internet and the everincreasing demand for multimedia information are severely testing the limits of our current computer and telecommunication networks. There is an immediate need for the development of new high-capacity networks that are capable of supporting these growing bandwidth requirements. In order to meet these growing needs, optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems have been deployed in many telecommunications backbone networks. In WDM systems, each fiber carries multiple communication channels, with each channel operating on a different wavelength. Such optical transmission systems have the potential to provide over 50 Tb/s on a single fiber. Optica! Packet Switched Network iliiiiiiipiiiiilis Static Wavelength Routed Network Dynamic Wavelength t Routed Network j Time Figure 1.1. Evolution of optical transport methodologies.