Introduction to computer networking
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1 edge core Introduction to computer networking Comp Sci 3600 Security
2 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
3 The edge core
4 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
5 edge core Billions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps Communication links: fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate: bandwidth Packet switches: forward packets (chunks of data) routers and switches
6 edge core Inter-networked networks: Interconnected ISPs : control sending, receiving of messages e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Internet standards: RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
7 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
8 edge core that provides services to applications: Web, VoIP, , games, e-commerce, social nets,... Provides programming interface to apps: hooks that allow sending and receiving app programs to connect to Internet provides service options, analogous to postal service
9 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
10 edge core A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event.
11 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
12 edge edge core edge: hosts: clients and servers servers often in data centers, physical media: wired, wireless communication links core: interconnected routers network of networks
13 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
14 Hosts = end systems, both clients and servers edge core
15 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
16 edge core
17 DSL ISP edge core
18 Cable ISP edge core
19 Fiber / FTTH ISP edge core
20 Ethernet (like campus) edge core
21 Home network edge core
22 Wireless edge core Shared wireless access network connects end system to router via base station aka access point Wide-area wireless access provided by telco (cellular) operator, 10 s km between 1 and 10 Mbps 3G, 4G: LTE
23 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
24 The core edge core
25 Two key network-core functions edge core Routing: determines source-destination route taken by packets a variety of routing algorithms Forwarding: move packets from router s input to appropriate router output
26 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
27 edge core In a network application, end systems exchange messages with each other. Messages can contain anything the application designer wants. Messages may perform a control function (for example, the Hi messages in our handshaking example in or can contain data, such as an message, a JPEG image, or an MP3 audio file. To send a message from a source end system to a destination end system, the source breaks long messages into smaller chunks of data known as packets. Between source and destination, each packet travels through communication links and packet switches (for which there are two predominant types, routers and link-layer switches).
28 Routing and forwarding edge core Every end system has an address called an IP address. Source includes the destination s IP address in the packet s header. Address has a hierarchical. router examines a portion of the packet s destination address and forwards the packet to best adjacent router. Each router has a forwarding table that maps destination addresses (or portions of the destination addresses) to that router s outbound links. When a packet arrives at a router, the router examines the address and searches its forwarding table, using this destination address, to find the appropriate outbound link. Multiple routing protocols that are used to automatically set the forwarding tables. E.g., determine the shortest path from each router to each destination and use the shortest path results to configure the forwarding tables in the routers.
29 Store-and-forward packet switching edge core Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link End-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)
30 : queuing and loss edge core If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time, packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link. Packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up
31 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
32 edge core How does this compare to packet switching?
33 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
34 of ISPs edge core At center: small number of well-connected large networks Tier-1 commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, ATT, NTT), national and international coverage Content provider network (e.g., Google): private network that connects it data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs
35 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
36 Nodal delay at router A edge core
37 What do real Internet delay and loss look like? edge core Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply.
38 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
39 Analogy: horizontal layering of airline functionality edge core layers: each layer implements a service via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below
40 Layered protocols edge core To provide to the design of network protocols, network designers organize protocols, and the network hardware and software that implement the protocols, in layers. Each protocol belongs to one of the layers, just as each function in the airline architecture. A protocol layer can be implemented in software, in hardware, or in a combination of the two. When taken together, the protocols of the various layers are called the protocol stack. The Internet protocol stack consists of five layers: the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers
41 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
42 Why layering? edge core Explicit allows identification, relationship of complex system s pieces Modularization eases maintenance, updating of system Change of implementation of layer s service transparent to rest of system E.g., change in gate procedure doesn t affect rest of system considered harmful?
43 Internet protocol stack edge core 1 : supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP 2 : process-process data transfer TCP, UDP 3 : routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols 4 : data transfer between neighboring network elements Ethernet, (WiFi), PPP 5 : bits on the wire
44 : supporting network applications edge core applications and their application-layer protocols reside here Examples: HTTP Hypertext Transfer provides for Web document request and transfer SMTP Simple Mail Transfer provides for the transfer of messages FTP (which provides for the transfer of files between two end systems). translation of human-friendly names for Internet end systems like to a 32-bit network address, are also done with the help of a specific application-layer protocol, namely, the Domain Name System (DNS). An application-layer protocol is distributed over multiple end systems, with the application in one end system using the protocol to exchange packets of information with the application in another end system. Packet of information at application layer is a message.
45 : process-process data transfer edge core s application-layer messages between application endpoints In the current Internet there are two transport protocols, TCP and UDP, either of which can transport application-layer messages. TCP (Transmission Control ) provides a connection-oriented service to its applications. Guaranteed delivery of application-layer messages to the destination Flow control (that is, sender/receiver speed matching). Congestion-control mechanism, so that a source throttles its transmission rate when the network is congested. UDP (User Datagram ) protocol provides a connectionless service to its applications. No-frills service that provides no reliability, no flow control, and no congestion control. -layer packet is a segment.
46 : routing of datagrams from source to dest edge core Responsible for moving network-layer packets known as datagrams from one host to another. -layer protocol (TCP or UDP) from source host passes a transport-layer segment and a destination address to the network layer layer then provides the service of delivering the segment to the transport layer in the destination host. layer includes the celebrated IP, which defines the fields in the datagram as well as how the end systems and routers act on these fields. Only one IP protocol, and all Internet components that have a network layer must run it layer also contains many routing protocols that determine the routes
47 : data transfer between adjacent nodes edge core At each node, the network layer passes the datagram down to the link layer, which delivers the datagram to the next node along the route. At this next node, the link layer passes the datagram up to the network layer. Some link-layer protocols provide reliable delivery, from transmitting node, over one link, to receiving node. Examples of link-layer protocols include: Ethernet, WiFi, the cable access network s DOCSIS protocol, and more A datagram may be handled by Ethernet on one link and by Wifi on the next link. The network layer will receive a different service from each of the different link-layer protocols. link-layer packets are frames.
48 : bits on the wire edge core The protocols in this layer are again link dependent and further depend on the actual transmission medium of the link (for example, twisted-pair copper wire, single-mode fiber optics). For example, Ethernet has many physical-layer protocols: one for twisted-pair copper wire, another for coaxial cable, another for fiber, and so on. In each case, a bit is moved across the link in a different way.
49 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
50 IP vs. stacks edge core
51 ISO/ reference model extras edge core Presentation: allow applications to interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, machine-specific conventions Session: synchronization, checkpointing, recovery of data exchange Internet stack missing these layers. These services, if needed, must be implemented in application. Are they needed?
52 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
53 and layering edge core
54 Encapsulating packets edge core
55 and encapsulation edge core
56 TCP/IP suite edge core
57 TCP/IP vs. edge core
58 levels edge core
59 Outline edge core 1 2 edge 3 core 4 5 6
60 edge core Internet not originally designed with (much) in mind Original vision: a group of mutually trusting users attached to a transparent network Internet protocol designers playing catch-up Security considerations in all layers!
61 Types of attack edge core DoS Packet sniffing : broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless), promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g., including passwords!) passing by Masquerading and more!
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