Announcements: ECE/CS 372 introduction to computer networks. Assignment 4 due now. Chapter 7
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1 ECE/CS 372 introduction to computer networks Announcements: Assignment 4 due now Chapter 7 Acknowledgement: slides drawn heavily from Kurose & Ross and Prof. Bechir Hamdaoui Chapter 7, slide 1
2 Wireless and Mobile Networks Background: success of wireless: # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! Internet: anytime & anywhere: laptops, PDAs, tablets, iphones, MagicJack, IP-enabled devices two important (but different) challenges wireless: communication over wireless link mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to network Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 2
3 Elements of a wireless network wireless hosts network infrastructure e.g.: laptop, iphone run: applications stationary or mobile wireless does not always mean mobility Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 3
4 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure base station bridge: typically connected to wired network relay: responsible for sending pkts between backbone network and wireless host(s) e.g., cell towers, access points Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 4
5 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless link connects: mobiles to base station multiple access protocol: coordinates link access various data rates, transmission distance Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 5
6 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure infrastructure mode bridge: base station connects mobiles into wired network handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 6
7 Elements of a wireless network ad hoc mode no base stations limited range: nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage multi-hop: nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 7
8 Wireless network taxonomy Infrastructure Infrastructure-less Single Hop 1. hosts connect to base station 2. base station connects to larger Internet E.g.: WiFi/Cellular 1. no base station 2. no connection to larger Internet E.g.: Bluetooth large large Internet Internet Multiple hops 1. hosts may have to relay via multiple nodes (multi-hop) 2. connects to larger Internet E.g.: mesh network 1. no base station 2. no connection to larger Internet 3. may have to relay via others to reach a given node E.g.: MANET Mobile Ad-Hoc Bluetooth Network WiFi Network (MANET) Network Mesh Network Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 8
9 Outline Wireless wireless characteristics multiple access schemes TDMA/FDMA CDMA Wi-Fi wireless LANs CSMA/CA IEEE Mobility principles: addressing routing to mobile users mobile IP Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 9
10 Wireless Link Characteristics Differences from wired link. decayed signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone) multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving at destination at slightly different times. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more difficult Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 10
11 Wireless Network Characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): C A B C A B A s signal strength C s signal strength Hidden terminal problem B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other, meaning that A, C are unaware of their interference at B space Signal attenuation: B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other can interfere at B Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 11
12 Outline Wireless wireless characteristics multiple access schemes TDMA/FDMA CDMA Wi-Fi wireless LANs CSMA/CA IEEE Mobility principles: addressing routing to mobile users mobile IP Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 12
13 Multiple Access Schemes Q: How can multiple users share the medium? FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (seen before) TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (seen before) CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access (will be discussed next) CSMA/CA: Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (i.e., Wi-Fi) (will be discussed later) Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 13
14 FDMA and TDMA (review) FDMA Example: 4 users frequency TDMA time frequency time Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 14
15 CDMA all users use all frequency (like TDMA) all users send at all time (like FDMA) allows multiple users to coexist and transmit simultaneously a unique code assigned to each user encoding at sender: (original data) x (code) decoding at receiver: (encoded signal) x (code) Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 15
16 CDMA Encode/Decode: one sender only Each user is assigned a unique code: c m = [ ] (length of c m is M = 8 in this example) Channel output Z i,m = d i. cm We use to mean 0 Z 1,m = d 1. c m Z 0,m = d 0. c m sender Sent bits: d i Code: c m d 0 = 1 d 1 = nd bit 1 st bit nd bit channel output st bit channel output Z 1,m = d 1. c m Z 0,m = d 0. c m Decoding at receiver: d i = (Z i,m. cm )/8 = (d i. cm. cm )/8 = d i receiver Received bits Code: c m d 1 = decoded 2 nd bit d 0 = 1 decoded 1 st bit 2 nd bit 1 st bit Note that c m.c m = 8 Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 16
17 CDMA: two-senders and interference Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 17
18 CDMA: two-senders and interference M = length of c m Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 18
19 CDMA: Example of multiple users See board notes for a CDMA example. Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 19
20 Outline Wireless wireless characteristics multiple access schemes TDMA/FDMA CDMA Wi-Fi wireless LANs CSMA/CA IEEE Mobility principles: addressing routing to mobile users mobile IP Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 20
21 IEEE : multiple access There are two access operating modes Infrastructure based mode Ad hoc based mode Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 21
22 IEEE : multiple access There are two multiple access functions: Point Coordination Function (PCF) TDMA-like access Point Coordinator (PC) pulls users in a roundrobin fashion No contention Synchronous Infrastructure mode Distributed Coordination function (DCF) CSMA-like access Random access: listenbefore-talk Contention-like medium Asynchronous Both infrastructure and adhoc modes Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 22
23 IEEE multiple access Contention and contention free periods: CFP CP CFP CP Contention-Free Period (CFP) Synchronous traffic Point Coord. Fct (PCF) is the access method Contention Period (CP) Asynchronous traffic Distr. Coord. Fct (DCF) is the access method Access point alternates between CFP and CP modes Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 23
24 IEEE DCF MAC one at a time: 2 + nodes send at same time => collision CSMA - sense before transmitting don t collide with ongoing transmission by other node no collision detection difficult to sense collision when transmitting due to weak sigl goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance) use Acknowledgment mechanism to recover from collision C A B C A B A s signal strength C s signal strength space Two scenarios where collision cannot be detected Wireless and Mobile Networks, slide 24
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