Lecture 1: Overview. EE450: Introduction to Computer Networks Professor A. Zahid. A.Zahid-EE450 1
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1 Lecture 1: Overview EE450: Introduction to Computer Networks Professor A. Zahid A.Zahid-EE450 1
2 Administrative Information I EE450: Introduction to Computer Networks Lecture Hours: TTH 7:30 ~ 8:50 AM (Studio D) Discussion Session: W 8:30 ~ 9:20 AM Instructor: A. Zahid Office: EE102, (213) Office Hours: TTH 7:00 ~ 7:25 AM, 9:00 ~ 10:45 AM, 1:00 ~ 3:00 PM zahida54@yahoo.com, azahid@usc.edu Voice Messages: (213) URL: A.Zahid-EE450 2
3 Administrative Information II Course Prerequisites: Junior/Senior Standing Passion and dedication to the course Course Textbook: Computer Networks: A System Approach, 2 nd edition, L. Peterson and B. Davie, Morgan Kaufmann Publishing, 2000 ISBN: A.Zahid-EE450 3
4 EE450 Team Members I Teaching Assistant: Mr. Karim Seada seada@usc.edu Office: EEB201 Office Hours: W 10:00-12:00 PM Responsibilities include Conducting a weekly discussion session Maintaining the course web site Conducting office hours Assisting students with their homeworks All s concerning the homeworks should be addressed to the TA and CCed to me. A.Zahid-EE450 4
5 EE450 Team Members II Grader: Ms. Deniz Gurkan Office: EEB533 Office Hours: F 11:00-1:00 PM Grader: Ms. Jieyu Zheng (jieyuzhe@usc.edu) Office: EEB201 Office Hours: M 3:30-5:30 PM Graders Responsibilities: Grading homeworks and answering questions regarding the grading A.Zahid-EE450 5
6 Course Workload Midterm, October 17, 7:30 ~ 8:50 AM Final, December 12, 4:30 ~ 6:30 PM There is absolutely no make-up exams no matter what your reasons are. Roughly 6~7 Homeworks. Homeworks must be submitted during the lecture they are due or before that. No late Homeworks shall be accepted. No electronic Homeworks shall be accepted. Solutions to Homeworks shall be posted. For DEN students, please contact DEN office for a FAX number or an address for submitting your Homeworks. A.Zahid-EE450 6
7 Grading Policy/Scale There is absolutely No curve in this course You will get the Maximum of the following two options {40% M, 50% F, 10% H} or {30% M, 60% F, 10% H} Grading Scales: 85% ~ 100%, A- to A+ 70% ~ 84%, B- to B+ 55 ~ 69%, C- to C+ 45% ~ 54%, D- to D+ A.Zahid-EE450 7
8 Reference Textbooks Data and Computer Communications, W. Stallings Networks for Computer Scientists/Engineers, Y. Zheng Communications Networks, L. Garcia Computer Networking, J. Kurose & K. Ross Computer Networks, A. Tanenbaum Data Communications and Networking, B. Forouzan Internetworking with TCP/IP, D. Comer A.Zahid-EE450 8
9 Important Notes! All Students are required to our TA their e- mails for him to form a group address for the class. Any announcements relevant to the course (meetings/seminars/etc ) shall be broadcasted Lecture charts, homework solutions and other announcements shall be posted on the site. So please do check the site regularly A.Zahid-EE450 9
10 Course Overview Part 1: Data Communications & Networking Part 2: Computer Networking Protocols (TCP/IP) Part 3: Wide Area Networks (WANs) Part 4: Local Area Networks (LANs) Part 5: Internetworking Part 6: Transport Layer Protocols Part 7: Network Applications A.Zahid-EE450 10
11 Simple Data Communications Model A.Zahid-EE450 11
12 Components of the Model Source Generates data to be transmitted Transmitter Converts data into transmittable signals Transmission System/Media Carries the transmitted signal Receiver Converts received signal into data Destination Takes incoming data A.Zahid-EE450 12
13 Key Communications Tasks Transmission System Utilization Interfacing Signal Generation Synchronization Exchange Management Error detection and correction Addressing and routing Recovery Message formatting Security Network Management A.Zahid-EE450 13
14 Computer Networks A computer network is a set of nodes such as routers, switches, hosts, etc.. interconnected via transmission facilities such as copper, cable, fiber, satellite, radio, microwave, etc.. for the purpose of providing services to end systems/users Do we need networking? Yes we do! Point-to-point communication is not practical! Devices are too far apart Large set of devices would need impractical number of connections. See illustration next chart A.Zahid-EE450 14
15 Example: Telephone Network Central Office (CO) Fully-Connected Mesh # of FDX links = N(N-1)/2 e.g., N=6; 6(5)/2=15 links Total # ports = N(N-1) e.g., N=6; 6(5)=30 ports With Central Office # of FDX links = N e.g., N=6; 6 links Total # of ports = N e.g. N=6, 6 ports A.Zahid-EE450 15
16 Multimedia Convergence Major industries Broadcast TV Film Video - pre-recorded / on-demand (e.g., MPEG, RealNet) - live (video phone, video teleconference) Wireless Data Computer Software - - files -- executables -- source code -- data -- html -- image Network Financial, ecommerce, etc. Voice / Audio - pre-recorded /on-demand (streaming or file [mp3]) - live (RealNet, VoIP) Recording Broadcast Radio Telephone companies (telco) Internet Service Providers (ISP) Networking PDA Cellphone Pager Computer Hardware/Software Telco/wireless Hardware A.Zahid-EE450 16
17 Networking Architecture Models I Client/Server Model Client Request Response Server Network A.Zahid-EE450 17
18 Illustration of Client/Server Architecture Client (web browser) -source- Example: World Wide Web Request (GET index.html) Network <html> Response (HTML file gif, jpeg, png file[s]) </html> Server (web server) -destinationhtml file image file A.Zahid-EE450 18
19 Networking Architecture Models II Peer-to-Peer Each host has both client and server functionalities CPU cycle sharing Client Request Client Server Network Response Server Server A.Zahid-EE450 19
20 Networking Perspectives Application Programmer / End User Guaranteed timely, reliable and recognizable delivery of message/information Network Designer Cost-effective design. Resources (Bandwidth, Memory and CPUs) must be used efficiently and are fairly allocated Network Provider Administration & management effort, fault detection/fault isolation, easy to account for usage A.Zahid-EE450 20
21 The Public Internet Millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems PC s, Workstations, Servers PDA s, Phones, Toasters! Running network applications Communication links Fiber, Copper, Radio, Satellite Routers: forward packets (chunks) of data across the network router local ISP company network server workstation mobile regional ISP A.Zahid-EE450 21
22 The Public Internet (Continued) Protocols are used to control sending & receiving of messages e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP Internet: Network of networks Loosely hierarchical topology Public Internet versus private Intranet Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force router local ISP company network server workstation mobile regional ISP A.Zahid-EE450 22
23 The Internet Infrastructure Hierarchical National/international backbone providers (NBPs) e.g. BBN/GTE, Sprint, AT&T, IBM, UUNet Interconnect (peer) with each other privately, or at public Network Access Point (NAPs) Regional ISPs Local ISPs NAP Regional ISP local ISP NBP B NBP A Local ISP Regional ISP A.Zahid-EE NAP
24 National Backbone Provider A.Zahid-EE450 24
25 Networking Performance Measures The two most important network performance measures are Delay/Latency & Throughput End-to-end delay consists of several components Transmission time Propagation delay Nodal processing Queuing delay (Random, depends on network loading, link capacities, disciplines, etc.. ee465) A.Zahid-EE450 25
26 Transmission Time Transmission Time (ttrans) The time it takes to transmit a group of bits (e.g., a Message/Packet/Frame) of bits into a network t tran = Number of message bits Data rate [bps] t trans vs. Frame Size vs. Data Rate t trans (sec) 1.00E E E E E E E E E E E Data Rate (bps) Frame Size (bits) A.Zahid-EE450 26
27 Propagation Delay Propagation time (tprop) The time it takes for a bit to traverse the link t prop = link length[m] v prop [m/s] Example propagation velocities: Air/Free space: c = 3x10 8 meters/sec Cat 5 UTP: 2~2.5x10 8 meters/sec Optical Fiber: 2~2.5x10 8 meters/sec A.Zahid-EE450 27
28 Propagation Delay (Cont.) tprop vs. Velocity vs. Length tprop (sec) 1.00E E E E E E E E E E-09 WAN E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 system room building length (m) campus city country continent Internet space GEO MEO LA-London LA-NY 0.67c 0.8c 1.0c A.Zahid-EE450 28
29 Nodal Processing/Queuing Delay Nodal processing: Check bit errors Determine output link (Routing decision) Queuing Time waiting at output link for transmission Depends on congestion level of router A.Zahid-EE450 29
30 Message Transfer Time Message Transfer Time (t xfr ) = Message latency Time for sender to transmit message to the receiver and for the receiver to receive the entire message. Also known as the end-to-end delay t xfr = t trans + t prop +t queuing/processing A.Zahid-EE450 30
31 Summary of Delay Components A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing A.Zahid-EE450 31
32 Round Trip Time (RTT) Round Trip Time: The time to send a message from a sender to the receiver and receive a response back RTT depends on message size, length of link, direction of propagation, propagation velocity, network node processing, network loading, etc For simplicity, RTT is normally assumed to be twice the end-to-end propagation delay although this might not be true if the message and the response traverses different links A.Zahid-EE450 32
33 Network Throughput The Throughput is defined as the number of information bits that can be transmitted reliably over a certain period of time. It is measured in bps The throughput is the carried load and it is not equal to the offered load Protocols add overhead bits and time delays in addition to the transmission time of the actual information bits. That would result in reduced throughput. Link errors are result in reduced throughput A.Zahid-EE450 33
34 Bandwidth/Capacity The bandwidth or the data rate is the number of bits that can be transmitted over a certain period of time. For example, 10 Mbps means that 10 million bits are transmitted every seconds. Link Capacity is the maximum data rate possible on the link with negligible error rate (Shannon Theorem, to be discussed later) A.Zahid-EE450 34
35 Bandwidth x Delay Product Pipe Size: The maximum amount of data present on the line Example: If the line bandwidth /data rate is 10 Mbps and the end-to-end delay is 30 msec, the amount of data found on the line is 300 Kbps or 37.5 Kbytes. For RTT, it is 75Kbytes Delay Bandwidth Figure 3.20 in text A.Zahid-EE450 35
36 Network Topologies Network topology is the physical arrangement of the network nodes and the links interconnecting them Mesh topology Star/Hub topology Bus topology Tree Topology Ring topology A fully connected network is one in which every node is connected to every other node A.Zahid-EE450 36
37 Mesh/Fully Connected Topology A.Zahid-EE450 37
38 Star/Hub Topology A.Zahid-EE450 38
39 Bus Topology A.Zahid-EE450 39
40 Tree Topology A.Zahid-EE450 40
41 Ring Topology A.Zahid-EE450 41
42 Network Classifications Networks can be classified based on Coverage into LANs: Local Area Networks WANs: Wide Area Networks Others including MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks, PAN (Personal Area Networks), Home Networks, etc Networks could also be classified as Switched or Shared (Broadcast) networks A.Zahid-EE450 42
43 Local Area Networks (LANs) A.Zahid-EE450 43
44 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) A.Zahid-EE450 44
45 Wide Area Networks (WANs) A.Zahid-EE450 45
46 Home Networks Typical home network components ADSL or cable modem Router/firewall Ethernet Wireless access point to/from cable headend Cable Modem Router/ Firewall Ethernet (Switched/Shared) Wireless Access Point Wireless Laptops A.Zahid-EE450 46
47 Internetwork A.Zahid-EE450 47
48 Point-to-point Link Topology Direct link Only 2 devices share link Multipoint More than two devices share the link A.Zahid-EE450 48
49 Simplex Link Duplicity One direction e.g. Radio/Television broadcasting Half duplex (HDX) Either direction, but only one way at a time e.g. Police radio Full duplex (FDX) Both directions at the same time e.g. Telephony or A.Zahid-EE450 49
50 Transmission Modes Unicast Multicast Broadcast One-to-one One-toselected group One-to-all A.Zahid-EE450 50
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