Introduction To Optical Networks Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective

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1 Introduction To Optical Networks Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective Galen Sasaki Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 1 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 2 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 3 Telecommunications Networks Network Types Users Enterprise (private) Public: telco carriers Geography Local-area network (LAN): e.g., building, campus Metropolitan-area network (Metro or LAN) Wide-area network (WAN) Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 4 Telecommunications Networks CO CO CO Long haul Interexchange CO = Central Office CO CO CO Metropolitan Local Local-exchange Access Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 5 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 6 1

2 First-Generation Fiber-optics as replacement for cable and copper wire Switching and processing is still electronic Why? Fiber is a better at > 10s Mbps and 1 km Examples SONET - Synchronous Optical Network SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy FDDI - fiber distributed data interface Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 7 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 8 Multiplexing Techniques 40Gbps Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) SONET/SDH Difficult above Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 9 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 10 λ0 λ1 λ2 λ3 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Practical issues: guard bands λ0 λ1 λ2 λ3 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 11 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 12 2

3 Switching Paradigms Circuit Switching Circuit switching Packet switching Connection-oriented (virtual circuit switching) Connectionless (datagram) End-to-end communication is through circuits Circuit, e.g., telephone call has a path p has a bandwidth b reserves bandwidth b on each link along p Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 13 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 14 path p b Circuit Switching b Low latency (basically propagation delay) Forwarding is simple once set up Wasteful of bandwidth if information is bursty Need set-up and tear-down of path and reservation of bandwidth Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 15 b Circuit Switching: Node Links carry multiple streams or connections, sometimes called tributary streams Demux Tributary granularities, e.g., STS-1 Switch Crossconnect Mux Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 16 Packet Switching Packets are data files Packet Packet Switching Header Payload Trailer Network is a collection of computers and switches connected by links Computers/switches forward packets to their destinations Computer Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 17 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 18 3

4 Packet Switching Switch Packet Switching: Routing Connection-oriented (or virtual circuit switching) Each connection (or flow) has a path computed for it Packets for the flow follow the path and are identified by a flow label Connectionless (or datagram) Packets have their destination addresses Packets are routed based upon their dest. Statistical Multiplexing Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 19 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 20 Packet Connection-Oriented Packet Packet Switching f d Computer path for flow f Computer d Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 21 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 22 Second-Generation Services parency WDM Architectures The Optical Layer Optical Packet Switched Architectures Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 23 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 24 4

5 Services Lightpath: virtual fiber, connection for an optical signal Packet switched Optical packet switched parency Optical networks can provide a connection for analog signals: independent of bit formats 1R: Regeneration: analog amplification Problem: fidelity 2R: Regeneration with reshaping. Problem: jitter 3R: Regeneration with reshaping and retiming Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 25 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 26 WDM Architectures Passive Optical Stars Passive Optical Networks (PONs) Wavelength Routed Networks Optical Burst Switching Optical Star Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 27 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 28 Passive Optical Stars Wavelength Routed Networks Lightpath L1 No conversion Optical Star OXC Optical Crossconnect Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 29 L2 Conversion Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 30 5

6 Optical Packet Switching Optical Burst Switching Fast packet processing is necessary Little or no buffering Packets are transported A1 Switch A2 wavelength conversion B1 B2 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 31 Packets are switched to any free channel Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 32 Optical Layer Electronics Optical Layer WDM Networks Lightpaths Where should functions be located? Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 33 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 34 System and Network Dispersion LED Multimode Regenerators Input Pulse Output Pulse Spread 3R: Regeneration with retiming and reshaping Multimode fiber suffers from modal dispersion Pieces of the input pulse have different velocities Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 35 Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 36 6

7 System and Network System and Network MLM Laser 1300nm Single-mode Regenerators Less modal dispersion so less regenerators Few 100s Mbps over few km Single-mode fiber low loss regions: 1300, 1550 nm Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 37 SLM Laser 1550nm Single-mode 1550nm: Lower loss means less regens Chromatic dispersion Solution: dispersion shifted fiber and SLM lasers 2.5Gbps or more Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 38 SLM Lasers System and Network WDM EDFAs Eribium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) Problems: limited bw, polarization, nonflat gain. 1R Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii 39 7

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