TCP/IP and OSI Model Ethernet LAN Network Cables Network Devices Network Topologies Redundant Internet Connections VLANs Wireless LANs Upcoming

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2 2 TCP/IP and OSI Model Ethernet LAN Network Cables Network Devices Network Topologies Redundant Internet Connections VLANs Wireless LANs Upcoming Network Technologies

3 3

4 4 Elements of the Network Sender & Receiver Computer (End Devices) Network Cards Media & Intermediary Network Devices Protocols (Rules) Network Operating System (NOS)

5 We use the concept of layers in our daily life. 5

6 The main design goal of TCP/IP is to connect networks, so that servers and workstations on different networks, even separated by long geographical distances, can communicate with each other. 6

7 7

8 8 The OSI reference model defines a seven-layer model that can be used for any data communication. Very useful for understanding and designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust, and interoperable.

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11 12 The Ethernet LAN was developed in the 1970s. Since then, it has a variable data-carrying capacity (i.e. bandwidth limitations), and uses different physical network cables. In the past, Ethernet used coaxial cables, but today s Ethernet for the most part uses fiber optic cables for the backbone, and twisted pair cable to connect all the workstations of the PACS/HER to the network

12 13 Most LANs use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

13 Layer 2 Addressing: Physical Address (MAC Address) 14

14 15 IP is a high-level protocol communicating with a logical IP address. It is used for network devices to communicating over the network. Currently, IP addresses are defined by Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) 32-bit (4-byte) addresses. Uniquely and universally identifies device on Internet. Limits the address space to 4,294,967,296 (2 32 ) possible unique addresses. Consisted of two parts: Network Number Common notations: binary and dotted decimal. Host Number

15 Layer 3 Addressing: Logical Address (IP Address) 16

16 17 There are three classes, A, B, and C, of IP address networks. Class Networks Hosts in Each Network IP Network Address Range A 2 7 or or 16,777, B 2 14 or 16, or 65, C 2 21 or 2,097, or

17 18 IPv4 Private IP Address Class Private Address Range IPv4 Public IP Address A B C Class Public Address Range A , B , C ,

18 19 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) For IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 to 128 bits (16 octets) An IPv6 is in the form of eight-groups of hexadecimal numbers separated by dots, for example: Mathematically, the new address space provides the potential for a maximum of or 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses.

19 20 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

20 21 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

21 22 IPv4 NAT (Network Address Translation) NAT allows a site to use a set of private addresses for internal communication and a set of global Internet addresses (at least one) for communication with the rest of the world. The site must have only one connection to the global Internet through a NAT-capable router that runs NAT software.

22 Broad categories of transmission medium: Guided Media media with a physical boundary Unguided Media no physical boundaries 23

23 Or Coax, has a central core conductor enclosed in an insulating sheath, encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination of the two. 24

24 25 Two conductors (normally copper) surrounded by insulating material. One wire used to carry signals; other used as a ground reference. Twisting wires reduces the effect of noise interference or crosstalk since both wires will likely be equally affected. Two versions of cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

25 26 Category Twisted Pair Cable Specification Data Rate (Mbps) Use 1 Used in telephone < 0.1 Telephone, ISDN & doorbell wiring 2 Originally used in T-lines 2 T-1 lines 3 Improved CAT2 10 LANs (Ethernet Networks) 4 Improved CAT3 20 LANs (Token ring Networks) 5 Cable wire is normally 24 AWG with a jacket and outside sheath 100 LANs (Fast Ethernet) 5E An extension of CAT5 125 LANs (Gigabit Ethernet Networks) 6 Adds cable shielding 250 LANs (10GBase-T) 7 Sometimes called SSTP (Shield Screen Twisted-pair) 600 LANs (10GBase-T)

26 UTP Connector 27

27 CAT5 vs CAT6 28

28 CAT6 vs CAT7 29

29 30

30 Sources of noise on copper media 31

31 32 Made of glass or plastic; signals are transmitted as light pulses from an LED or laser. Light is also a form of electromagnetic energy. Speed depends on density of medium it is traveling through; fastest when in a vacuum, 186,000 miles/second.

32 Connectors 33

33 34 Refraction and Reflection When light is projected to the boundary of two materials, the portion that passes through is called refraction, and the amount that bounces back is called reflection. When light meets a boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle while traveling in a dense medium, the light is totally reflected. This effect is used in optical fiber communication to confine light propagation to the core of an optical fiber.

34 35 Mode of Transmission Multimode Multimode Step-index Fiber Multimode Graded-index Fiber Single Mode

35 36

36 37

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40 41

41 Every IT engineer knows: networking cabling... 42

42 Five categories of connecting devices 43

43 44 It s just a connector! This type of hub is part of the media; its location in the Internet model is below the physical layer.

44 45

45 46

46 47

47 The LAN infrastructure of a large healthcare institution may have many switches located in various communication closets throughout the institution. Performs at the physical and data link layer. Has many ports designed for faster performance. Allocates unique port to each station. No competing traffic. 48

48 49 A router is a three-layer device that routes packets based on their logical addresses. Normally connects LANs and WANs in the Internet and has a routing table that is used for making decision about the route. The routing tables are normally dynamic and are updated using routing protocols.

49 50 A three Layer Switch is a router, but faster and more sophisticated. The switching fabric in a three-layer switch allows faster table lookup and forwarding.

50 51 Network topologies describes the arrangement of network elements of node and links at both physical and logical levels. Physical topology is the physical layout of the components on the network. Logical topology determines how the hosts access the medium to communicate across the network.

51 52 There are four basic topologies possible: Topology Bus Ring Star Mesh

52 53 In star topology network, there is a central switch through which all network nodes or devices transmit or receive data. A single node failure does not bring the network down (only that single node is affected). However, the failure if the central switch brings down the entire network.

53 Star topology with High Availability 54

54 55 In mesh topology network, each node connects to all other nodes directly. To find the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with n nodes. We need n(n - 1)/2 physical links. Mesh topology is commonly used in networks where a high degree of availability is required.

55 56 When acquiring Internet services from an ISP, redundancy or failover should be considered. Redundant Internet connections vary depending if the enterprise is connecting to a single ISP or multiple ISPs.

56 57 Redundant connections to a single ISP can include Single-homed : A single connection to an ISP Dual-homed : Two or more connections to a single ISP

57 58 Alternatively, it is possible to set up redundancy using multiple ISPs Multihomed : Connections to two or more ISPs Dual-Multihomed : Multiple connections to two or more ISPs

58 59 Divides a LAN into logical, instead of physical, segments. No need to change a physical configuration if changes in workgroups are necessary. Network Designers use VLANs to constrain broadcast traffic.

59 60

60 61 Advantages Cost and time reduction in moving stations from one group to another. Physical reconfiguration takes time and is costly It is much easier and quicker to move it by using software. Creation of virtual workgroups. Security People belonging to the same group can send broadcast message with the guaranteed assurance that users in other groups will not receive these messages.

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