06/02/2006. Local & Metropolitan Area Networks 1. INTRODUCTION. Why Study Local and Metropolitan Area Networks? ACOE322. Lecture 1 Introduction
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1 Local & Metropolitan Area Networks ACOE322 Lecture 1 Introduction 1 1. INTRODUCTION In this section we will cover : 1. Overview of data communications and networking 2. Definition and overview of LANs, MANs, WANs and the Internet 1. Transmission Media 2. LAN topologies 2 Why Study Local and Metropolitan Area Networks? Change the way we do business and the way we live Require immediate access to accurate information Database, online shopping Enable long distance communication Internet, IP phone Access variable of information such as text, voice and image , messenger, video conference 3
2 The need for Local Networks Increased number of systems due to Continuing decrease in computer hardware costs Increase in computer hardware capability Development of applications (image processing, speech recognition, video-conferencing, multimedia authoring, etc) Businesses are relying on increasingly powerful servers to handle transaction and database processing and to support massive client/server networks So, there is a requirement to interconnect systems to Share and exchange data among systems Share expensive resources 4 Overview of Data Communications What is communication? What is data communication? Basic components of data a communication system 5 What is Communication and Data Communication? Communications The exchange of information between individuals using a common set of symbols, signs, behavior or language. Objective: Ability to share information over long distances High volume of information No loss of accuracy (also protected from prying eyes) Fast transmission rate Early attempts: Voice Telegraph, Messengers / Runners, Signal Fires (in 1200 BC), Telegraph (first demonstrated in 1844 by Samuel Morse) Data Information presented in whatever forms is agreed upon by the parties creating and using data Data communications The exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable 6
3 Overview of Data Communications (Cont. ) What is communication? What is data communication? Which are the basic components of a data communication system? 7 A Data Communication Model Message Sender Receiver Medium Protocol 8 Data Communication Techniques Data representation Bits and Bytes Character Codes Data transmission Signal encoding Direction of data flow Transmission Mode Parallel vs. Serial Transmission Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Line Topology Transmission media Transmission impairment and error detection Improve transmission efficiency 9
4 Overview of Networking Point to point communication usually not practical Senders and receivers are very far apart Large set of devices may require a link to many of the others at various times Solutions is to attach each device to a communication network Network A set of devices connected by communication links Categories of networks Wide-area Networks (WANs) Local-area Networks (LANs) Metropolitan-area Networks (MANs) LANs<MANs<WANs<Internet 10 Wide Area Network Generally cover a large geographical area Rely in part on common circuit carrier Alternative technologies Circuit switching Packet switching Frame Relay ATM IP/MPLS 11 Local Area Networks (1) LAN is a communications network that interconnects a variety of devices and provides a means for information exchange among those devices Differences between LANs and WANs: LANs have a small footprint (typically a single building or a number of buildings) The LAN is a private or closed network usually owned by the same organization that owns the attached devices WAN is a public network 12
5 Local Area Networks (2) 13 Simple Local Area Network All devices are attached to a shared transmission medium through a hardware/software module that handles the transmission and medium access functions associated with the LAN. This module is a Network Interface Card (NIC) that is included in each device. It contains logic for accessing the LAN and for sending and receiving data to and from the LAN. 14 Metropolitan Area Networks (1) Occupies a middle ground between LANs and WANs MANs cover greater distances at higher data rates than LANs, although there is some overlap in geographical coverage Primary market for MANs is the customer that has high-capacity needs in a metropolitan area A MAN is intended to provide capacity at lower cost and greater efficiency than obtaining an equivalent service from the local telephone company 15
6 Metropolitan Area Networks (2) 16 Comparison of LANs, MANs, and WANs (1) 17 Comparison of LANs, MANs, and WANs (2) LANs: Mbps MANs: Gbps WANs: Tbps 18
7 The Internet intranet Communication in a closed network i.e. company or institution private network internet Communication between two or more private or public networks The Internet A collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands interconnected public networks 19 Brief History of Internet Mid-1960s Standalone devices ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) was interested in finding a way to connect computers to share information Backbones: None - Hosts: None 1967 ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET Backbones: None - Hosts: None 1969 The first physical network was constructed Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: The first program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP (by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn) 20 Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: >23 LANs, WANs and Internet Private WANs Attractive option if there is a large volume of traffic between several sites, justifying the investment Constructed from leased lines from public carrier or use of wireless interconnections Alternatively, the Internet, or some other public network can be used to interconnect sites Provides cost savings over the use of private networks How secure is this solution? Set up Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Apply a security protocol or encryption to data traffic 21
8 LAN Connections to the Outside World Traffic from the Internet must pass through firewall that regulates traffic to enforce security policies. Traffic from other LANs or the organization is allowed to pass directly to any host on this LAN. Traffic from other Internet users may only pass through the Web server on this LAN 22 Internet Today OVERVIEW OF LANs The key technology ingredients that determine the nature of a LAN or MAN are: 1. Transmission Media 2. LAN topologies 24
9 2.1 Transmission media and physical layer 25 Transmission media 26 Guided media Twisted-Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable 27
10 Twisted-Pair Cable (1) 28 Twisted-Pair Cable (2) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cat 3 Cheap Well understood Use existing telephone wiring in office building Low data rates High performance UTP Cat 5 and above High data rate for small number of devices Switched star topology for large installations Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) More expensive than UTP but higher data rates 29 Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons Cheap Easy to work with Low data rate (usually up to 100Mbps, although some 1Gbps networks have been developed using twisted pair cabling) Short range (up to a few km) 30
11 Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics Analog Amplifiers every 5km to 6km Digital Use either analog or digital signals repeater every 2km or 3km Limited distance Limited bandwidth (1MHz) Limited data rate (100Mbps) Susceptible to interference and noise Because of easy coupling with electromagnetic fields Eg. impulse noise, 50Hz pick-up energy from AC power lines 31 Twisted Pair - Applications Most common medium Telephone network Between house and local telephone exchange (subscriber loop) Within buildings For digital signaling to private branch exchange (PBX) For local area networks (LAN) 10Mbps or 100Mbps 32 Coaxial cable Category Impedance Use RG Ω Cable TV RG Ω Thin Ethernet RG Ω Thick Ethernet 33
12 Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics Better performance than twisted pair Superior frequency characteristics Much less susceptibility to interference and crosstalk For Analogue signals Amplifiers needed every few km Much less distance for higher frequencies Up to 1GHz of bandwidth For Digital signals Repeater needed every about 1 km Less distance for higher data rates 34 Coaxial Cable - Applications Most versatile medium Television distribution Arial to TV Cable, Satellite TV Long distance telephone transmission Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously Being replaced by fiber optic Short distance computer systems links Local Area Networks Early days No longer used 35 Optical fiber (1) 36
13 Optical fiber (2) Optical fiber Electromagnetic isolation High capacity Small size High cost of components High skill needed to install and maintain Prices are coming down as demand and product range increases 37 Optical fiber (3) 38 Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics Act as wave guide for to Hz Portions of infrared and visible spectrum Types of light sources in fiber optic systems Light Emitting Diode (LED) Cheaper Wider operating temperature range Last longer Injection Laser Diode (ILD) More efficient Greater data rate Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 39
14 Optical Fiber - Applications Long-haul trunks in telephone networks Circuit lengths of about 1500 km to voice channels Metropolitan trunks Circuit lengths of about 12km May have voice channels in a trunk group Rural exchange trunks Circuit lengths of km Typically fewer than voice channels Subscriber loops Fiber to the business, fiber to the home in the near future LANs Support 100s and 1000s of stations at rates of about 10Gbps 40 Unguided media 41 Radio waves Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems 42
15 Microwaves Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs. 43 Infrared Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation 44 Infrared transmission techniques Direct beam infrared Can be used to create point-to-point links (up to a few km) ie crossbuilding interconnection Range depends on the emitted power and on the degree of focusing Can be used to set up a token ring LAN Omnidirectional Involves a single base station that is within line of sight of all other stations on the LAN Typically, the station is mounted on the ceiling and it broadcasts an omnidirectional signal that can be received by all of the other IR transceivers in the area Diffused All IR transceivers are focused and aimed at the point at the ceiling IR radiation striking the ceiling is reradiated ominidirectionally and picked up by all of the receivers in the area 45
16 Infrared LANs Pros and Cons Advantages of infrared over other types of wireless LANs Spectrum for infrared is virtually unlimited -> very high data rates Infrared spectrum is unregulated worldwide unlike some portions of the microwave spectrum Infrared light is diffusely reflected by light-colored objects, ie it is possible to use ceiling reflection to achieve coverage of an entire room Since infrared does not penetrate walls, it can be easily secured against eavesdropping than microwave A separate infrared installation can be operated in every room in a building without interference Equipment relatively inexpensive and simple Disadvantages Many indoor environments experience intense background noise radiation from sunlight and indoor lighting 46 Point-to-point connection Wired connection Wireless connection 47 Point-to-multipoint connection 48
17 2.2 LAN topologies The term topology refers to the way in which the end systems (or stations) attached to the network are interconnected Four common topologies for LANs Tree Bus (special case of Tree topology) One trunk, no branches Ring topology Star topology Also, mesh topology can be found in circuit switching carrier networks 49 LAN/MAN Topologies 50 Mesh and star topologies Mesh topology Star topology 51
18 Bus and ring topologies Bus topology Ring topology 52 Bus and tree topologies Both topologies are characterized by the use of a multipoint medium For the bus All stations attach directly to a linear transmission medium or bus Full duplex operation between the station and the medium allows data to be transmitted onto the bus and received from the bus A transmission from any station propagates the length of the medium in both directions and can be received by all other stations At each end of the bus, there is a terminator which absorbs any signal, removing it from the bus 53 Tree topology (1) Tree topology is a generalization of the bus topology Transmission medium is a branching cable with no closed loops Begins at a point known as the headend One or more cables start at the headend and each of these may have branches A transmission from any station propagates throughout the medium and can be received by all other stations However there are two problems here: Because the transmission from any one station can be received by all other stations, there needs to be some way of indicating for whom the transmission is intended A mechanism is needed to regulate transmission If two stations on the bus attempt to transmit at the same time, their signals will overlap and become garbled. One station could decide to transmit continuously for a long period of time, shutting off access to other stations 54
19 Tree topology (2) To solve these problems stations transmit data in small blocks, known as frames Each frame consists of a portion of the data that a station wishes to transmit, plus a frame header that contains control information Each station on the bus is assigned a unique address and the destination address for a frame is included in its header 55 Frame Transmission on Bus LAN 56 Ring Topology Repeaters joined by point-to-point links in a closed loop Receive data on one link and retransmit on another Links are unidirectional, ie data circulate around the ring in one direction Stations attach to the network at repeaters Data transmitted in frames Circulate past all stations Destination recognizes address and copies frame Frame circulates back to source where it is removed Because multiple stations share the ring, Medium Access Control is needed to determine when each station can insert frames 57
20 Frame Transmission Ring LAN 58 Star topology Each station is directly connected to a common central node Each station attaches to a central node via two point-topoint links, one for transmission in each direction Two alternatives for the operation of the central node Broadcast fashion A transmission of a frame from one station to the node is retransmitted on all of the outgoing links A transmission from any station is received by all other stations and only one station at a time may successfully transmit Act as a frame-switching device An incoming frame is buffered in the node and then retransmitted on one outgoing link to the destination station 59 Choice of topology Depends on a variety of factors, including reliability, expandability and performance This choice is part of the overall task of designing a LAN Twisted pair: up to a few Mbps Baseband coaxial cable: makes use of digital signaling and was originally used by Ethernet Broadband coaxial cable: used in Cable TV systems with analog signaling. More expensive and more difficult to install than baseband coaxial cables Optical fiber: much higher data rates than copper wires 60
21 Medium versus topology for LANs and MANs 61 Bus LAN Transmission Media (1) Twisted pair Early LANs used voice grade cable Didn t scale for fast LANs Not used in bus LANs now Baseband coaxial cable Uses digital signalling Original Ethernet 62 Bus LAN Transmission Media (2) Broadband coaxial cable As in cable TV systems Analog signals at radio frequencies Expensive, hard to install and maintain No longer used in LANs Optical fiber Expensive taps Better alternatives available Not used in bus LANs All hard to work with compared with star topology twisted pair Coaxial baseband still used but not often in new LAN installations 63
22 Ring and Star Usage Ring Very high speed links over long distances Single link or repeater failure disables network Star Uses natural layout of wiring in building Best for short distances High data rates for small number of devices 64 Choice of Medium Constrained by LAN topology Capacity Reliability Types of data supported Environmental scope 65 References W. Stallings, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, 6 th edition, Prentice Hall, 2000 B.A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2004 W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 7 th edition, Prentice Hall,
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