Wireless Community Networks: Evolution and Technical Challenges
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1 Wireless Community Networks: Evolution and Technical Challenges Luiz A. DaSilva Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Workshop on Nationwide Internet Access and Online Applications Dhaka, Bangladesh May 22-24, 2004
2 Agenda Wireless community networks: a definition Examples Applications: beyond WISPs Supporting technologies Open technical issues Concluding remarks
3 We offer a definition Community network (k&-'myü-n&-te 'net-"w&rk) A network providing wireless access to a community with minimal infrastructure planning or corporate participation, at low or no cost to end users
4 A very short history The idea started getting hold around 2000, with availability of inexpensive wireless technology (IEEE ) Often started by hobbyists, with gradual interconnection of small networks Similarities to the evolution of amateur radio and the free software community Gradually becoming more organized, with organizations providing A means to register new nodes Technical support for novices A forum for discussion of issues Increased visibility
5 Common characteristics Grassroots effort, spontaneous deployment Driven by individuals or local governments Low cost, off-the-shelf (or home-made) technology Not for profit (or very minimal business models) Informal coordination FreeNetworks.org is a voluntary cooperative association dedicated to education, collaboration, and advocacy of the creation of free digital network infrastructures.
6 What it is not Cellular networks (2G/2.5G/3G/4G) Commercial hot spot service
7 Examples
8 Atlanta FreeNet A ( ) grassroots movement of community minded individuals that is dedicated to the improvement of life in Atlanta through the roll-out of free Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) hotspots. Coverage: Atlanta, GA, U.S. Started: 2001 Currently: 128 nodes Node map, Atlanta FreeNet Source:
9 Air-Stream Aims to build a metropolitan wide area wireless network using off-the-shelf wireless hardware, by helping to interconnect smaller local wireless networks and encouraging participation Coverage: Adelaide, South Australia Adelaide node database, Air-Stream Source:
10 NYC Wireless Promotes deployment of open hot spots in public spaces Works with public and not-forprofit organizations Serves as an advocate for wireless community networks Coverage: New York city Currently: 187 nodes NYCWireless.net node database Source:
11 Applications Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) E-governance Support network for NGOs Multimedia communications Telemedicine Community webs and radio broadcasting , web browsing Collect and disseminate information Rural credit, agricultural databases Voice over IP, videoconferencing Augment public health services in rural areas Community newspapers, dissemination of radio content
12 Supporting technologies Wireless access: b (WiFi) and, increasingly, g Due to low cost of deployment, ubiquity of NICs Antennas Omni and directional antennas External antennas Broadband access to Internet Cable modems Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Leased lines (T1) Server (e.g., a Linux box) Internet Broadband access AP w/ external antenna
13 IEEE b Specification released in GHz band Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Data rates of up to 11 Mbps Data rates are automatically adjusted for noisy conditions, so can operate at 1, 2, 5.5 or 11 Mbps Infrastructure-based and ad-hoc modes of operation) Most widely implemented to date IEEE g specification is more recent Backwards compatible with b (same frequency band) Data rates of up to 54 Mbps
14 IEEE b Center frequencies Japan Eur. US / Can Freq. (MHz ) Channel Japan Eur. US / Can Freq. Channel
15 Wi-Fi Wireless fidelity The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies interoperability of based products Non-profit organization founded in 1999 Over 200 members
16 A typical wireless community net node (1) Access Point Pigtail Low-loss cable External antenna May vary significantly in sophistication and capabilities May support firewall capabilities, dynamic addressing, expanded security features Connects to a server or wired LAN Cisco Aironet 350 Series Linksys WAP11
17 A typical wireless community net node (2) Access Point Pigtail Low-loss cable External antenna Needed to connect a wireless card to an antenna cable
18 A typical wireless community net node (3) Access Point Pigtail Low-loss cable External antenna Pigtail only extends 3 ft. or so Use low-loss cable to place external antenna at greater distances
19 A typical wireless community net node (4) Access Point Pigtail Low-loss cable External antenna Omni or directional Home-made or professional Antenna placement, height and directionality are crucial factors in determining range The famous Pringle s antenna
20 Prices (a rough idea ) Wireless Card and Coax: US$ $ card $30-80 pigtail $ coax run $ antenna $0-150 mounting hardware and mast Ethernet bridge: US$ $ bridge $5-50 CAT5e cable $0-20 power supply to bridge $0-50 waterproofing $ antenna $0-150 mounting equipment and mast
21 Open issues: mobility support (1) IEEE originally meant to support nomadic computing, but not seamless mobility
22 Open issues: mobility support (2)
23 Open issues: mobility support (3) Some vendors have implemented proprietary protocols for communication among APs regarding currently associated stations, in support for handoff Not interoperable across APs from multiple vendors IEEE f working group is defining standard protocols for inter-ap communication Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) Re-association, authentication, exchange of buffered data between APs Mobile IP Home and foreign agents participate in tunneling data for the mobile node when away from its home network
24 Open issues: topology planning In many cases, no formal planning is done If a local government wants to establish a new community network, some coverage planning is advisable May borrow techniques for cell planning in 2G/3G networks
25 Open issues: security Clear need to preserve integrity and privacy of information over wireless networks IEEE supports Wired Equivalent Privacy Known to have vulnerabilities to breaking encryption, presence of rogue access points, etc. IEEE 802.1x uses the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate each station through a central authentication server IEEE i developing a specification with tighter encryption, mutual authentication of stations and APs WiFi Protected Access (WPA) defines a subset of i, to address some limitations of WEP
26 Open issues: quality of service Especially important if WCN is to support a variety of services, beyond and web browsing Must protect real-time and deadline-sensitive traffic from more elastic traffic IEEE e defines MAC-layer mechanisms for prioritized access to the medium Wireless Multimedia Enhancements (WME) is a vendor-driven initiative to provide some QoS while e does not take hold
27 Concluding remarks NGOs and local governments may have an important role to play in the deployment of community networks in developing countries Is the right technology for these types of networks? Limitations in security, not meant to support seamless mobility But inexpensive and widely deployed The development of new technologies (e.g., /WiMax) and the deployment of mesh/ad hoc networks may change this landscape Complement and, in some cases, substitute current wireless community networks
28 Resources Wireless Community Network List: Links to major wireless community network initiatives These, in turn, link to resources for setting up WCNs Book Rob Flickenger, Building Wireless Community Networks: Implementing the Wireless Web (ISBN ) Articles S. Jain and D. Agrawal, Wireless Community Networks, IEEE Computer, August 2003 D. Aguayo et al., MIT Roofnet: Construction of a Community Wireless Network, Proc. of MIT Student Oxygen Workshop 2003
29 Questions/Comments Luiz A. DaSilva Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (703) (703)
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