White Paper Broadband Multimedia Servers for IPTV Design options with ATCA
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1 Internet channels provide individual audiovisual content on demand. Such applications are frequently summarized as IPTV. Applications include the traditional programmed Video on Demand from a library of movies, which can be delivered through data channels over the telephone networks (DSL) as well as over CableTV networks. A new type of VOD is short videos from sources such as YuoTube which also may be delivered to mobile phones and wireless clients. The paper looks at the traffic models and the bit pipes needed for IPTV in wireless networks (3G and WiMAX) and wireline networks (DSL and CaTV) and summarizes the requirements on Broadband Multimedia Servers. It then shows the systems architecture and design options with ATCA including a sample configuration. Authors: Stephan Rupp, Kontron IPTV From Broadcast to Unicast IPTV summarizes the delivery of audiovisual content over IP networks. Among the sources are archives for video on demand, as well as life TV channels or local TV channels. Characteristically, IPTV is delivered to the end user as media streaming or as TV program over a data channel through communication networks or CableTV networks. Communication networks include wireless delivery via 3G cellular mobile networks or WiMAX networks, as well as DSL over the traditional telephone network. Figure 1 shows the principle network structure for IPTV. Video/Audio On Demand Life TV/ Local TV Node B/BTS GGSN/HA Broadband Media Server RAN (3G/WiMAX) IP CMTS RNC/AC DSL DSLAM CaTV STB STB Fig. 1 IPTV over Cable, DSL and Wireless Networks Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 1
2 The Broadband Multimedia Server (or short: Media Server) operates as proxy for the delivery of life and on demand sources. It handles requests for video sessions, handles the transcoding of life content, and content adaptation to meet the requirements and conditions in the network and at the terminal device of the end user. Another major function is the handling of broadband traffic and the switching of audiovisual channels. Alternative to a pure proxy type of service, the Media Server may also be configured to include the archive for VOD. What traffic capacity does the Media Server need to handle? A Traffic Model allows estimating the bit pipes and transactions that a Media Server needs to process. If the scenario shown in Figure 1 is supposed to handle all traffic in a region of 1 Million subscribers, the traffic model can be summarized in the following way: 50% market penetration (as % of service users of total number of subscribers) 1 video request per user in the busy hour 3 minutes play-out time per video 128 kbps bit rate for wireless networks; 2 Mbps bit rate for wireline networks. Under those assumptions, the total capacity at the Media Server is: 3.2 Gbps of total traffic for wireless networks; 50 Gbps of total traffic for wireline networks 140 tps (transactions per second, i.e. new videos playing out each session) total parallel sessions. For the traditional programmed type of content, i.e. selection of a movie from a library of 1000 starting in intervals of 5 minutes and 90 minutes playtime per movie, the traffic requirements are similar, actually with a much lower transaction rate and slightly lower total traffic. This simple model already clarifies, that there is a demand for high capacity connections at the MEDIA SERVER for IP connectivity at bit rates beyond 10 Gbps by interfaces over 10 GbE. However, what ultimately counts is the capacity delivered to the end user through the available wireline or wireless networks. For a credible traffic model, we will need to have a look at the basic properties of the target networks, which we will do in the following section. The traffic model used in this paper is available as spreadsheet in the web at [1]. Wireless Networks 3G and WiMAX Wireless networks always offer limited and shared resources over the radio interfaces. For 3G cellular mobile networks, the emphasis is on coverage and seamless mobility rather than high bandwidth. The total traffic capacity in a radio cell is assumed to be 2 Mbps, which need to be shared by all active users in the radio cell. For WiMAX, the emphasis is on higher bandwidth with limited coverage and limited mobility. A WiMAX radio cell is assumed to provide 20 Mbps of capacity, again to be shared by all active users within it. A radio cell is assumed to cover a total of 400 subscribers. Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 2
3 In relation to the 1 Million of subscribers per region, a region contains 2500 radio cells or base stations (Node B in 3G terminology). The corresponding share of parallel session in a radio cell represents 10 parallel sessions. At 128 kbps bit rate per session, the corresponding IPTV traffic per radio cell is 1.28 Mbps, which is within the boundaries of both 3G and WiMAX. Wireline Networks DSL and CaTV For broadband over telephone wires, DSL provides the connectivity over the last mile via DSL modems contained in a residential router or set-top box. Each modem needs a matching termination at the other end of the telephone wire, the DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer). The possible bandwidth over the telephone wires depends on the length of the line between both ends due to the increasing attenuation. For the traffic model, a capacity of 6 Mbps is assumed per telephone line, which is sufficient to support up to 3 parallel movies at 2 Mbps (in practice a video takes between 2 to 6 Mbps of transmission rate depending on motion and quality). If a DSLAM is assumed to cover 5000 subscriber lines, there is a total of 200 DSLAMs for a regional network of 1 Million subscribers. The corresponding share of parallel sessions per DSLAM is 125 parallel sessions and 250 Mbps of downstream traffic. For DSL, the limiting factor is traffic per individual subscriber line, so this figure is within reasonable boundaries. For CaTV networks, the last mile to the subscribers is covered by coaxial TV cable, which carries TV channels on a frequency multiplex of 5 MHz per TV channel. TV cables may be operated with frequency well into 800 MHz. The upper bands, e.g. above 500 MHz are available for TV channels which carry digital TV or data. One 5 MHz channel may carry about 35 Mbps of IP traffic or MPEG2 coded digital TV (which corresponds to 4-8 digital programs). Analogue or digital TV programs may be received using a matching receiver or Set-Top-Box (STB). For data, a cable modem is used, which takes downstream data from an allocated TV channel, and uses a dedicated channel upstream in the lower frequency bands. As there is already a frequency multiplex on the cable, there is no interference between channels, and no need for a DSL-type of splitter. The limiting factor in a cable TV network is the number of TV channels assigned for IP traffic. The cable is shared by all CaTV subscribers in a specific area. It is assumed, that 5000 subscribers share one CMTS (Cable Modem Termination Server), the matching termination of the cable modem at the other end of the cable. Under those assumptions, there are 200 CMTS per service area of 5000 subscribers. In relation to a regional network of 1 Million subscribers, the corresponding number of parallel sessions is 125 with a total traffic of 250 Mbps per CMTS. This means, that 8 TV channels need to be allocated to carry downstream IP traffic, which is within reasonable boundaries. For higher traffic, more TV channels Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 3
4 need to be allocated for IP traffic, or the number of CMTS needs to be increased (i.e. less subscribers per CMTS). Requirements for Broadband Media Servers As a system within the core network, the Media Server needs to handle high capacity of traffic, but not necessarily specific interfaces. For input traffic, it needs to provide a sufficient capacity over GbE and 10 GbE. TV specific streams for life production such as DVB-ASI (200 Mbps) or DVB-SDI (170 Mbps) may be assumed to be provided over GbE interfaces. Output traffic also can be assumed to be provided over 10GbE interfaces. When acting in proxy mode, to interconnect with other servers in the core network, as well as for handling of sessions, the Media Server needs to provide a high switching capacity for Ethernet based traffic. The requirements on the processor are channel selection, channel switching, play out, and transcoding of life streams. The processing capacity follows the traffic model established in the previous session. Figure 2 summarises the basic requirements. As entry level, a configuration sufficient at 10% market penetration is assumed. With increasing market penetration, the Media Server may be extended by adding more systems or higher capacity systems. Again, the most stringent requirement represents a sufficient level of connectivity and switching capacity at system level. 12 Gbps (0.64 Gbps) Traffic in Processor 10 Gbps (0.64 Gbps) Traffic out Physical memory Disks 25 GB (10% of active sessions) (8GB) 250 GB (5000 videos) (80 GB) Subscribers 30 tps 180 s per transaction 5000 parallel sessions Wireless Networks 128 kbps per session 640 Mbps total traffic Wireline Networks 2 Mbps per session 10 Gbps total traffic Fig. 2 Media Server Requirements At 10% market penetration, the Media Server needs to handle subscribers at 30 tps with 5000 parallel sessions. The corresponding throughput is 10 Gbps (in proxy mode), plus extra input sources for life streams parallel sessions of 3 minutes each represent 250 GB of data in wireline Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 4
5 networks (with 2 Mbps bit rate), and 80 GB of data in wireless network (with 128 kbps bit rate). About 10% of this data will need to be handled in physical memory to buffer play-in and play-out. This also means that the Media Server needs to provide a high continuous bit rate for disks, in particular for read access (with the most popular videos played out most frequently). The requirements discussed so far are for the processing of media streams at 2 Mbps over wireline networks. Current Internet videos are offered at much lower bit rates, so the given requirements are showing a maximum capacity. Delivery of audiovisual content over wireless networks such as cellular mobile networks only takes a fraction of the bit rate, such as 128 kbps. The corresponding requirements for a Media Server in wireless networks are summarized in Figure 2. The wireless case is not further discussed in this paper, but follows the same logic with smaller proportions. Media Server Systems Architecture A multi-processor system as shown in Figure 3 meets the requirements of Media Server and provides a scalable architecture. As Ethernet traffic processing becomes the essential part, the design is based on 10GbE uplinks and an Ethernet based fabric. The architecture contains the following type of components: Hubs: provide high exterior connectivity, high switching capacity and connectivity to all processors within the system. The system uses two hubs in a redundant configuration. Main controllers: Handle systems management, set-up and monitor processes on session processors and media processors, provide interfaces to external monitoring and operations, provide statistics and logs of systems operation. For redundancy, the system is configured with 2 main controllers. Session processors: Handle the media session and media processing. Session processors operate in parallel with each processor handling a part of the total sessions. The number of processors needed depends on the type and implementation of the application, as well as on the performance and type of the processor boards (such as single core processors, multi-core processors, and multiple processors on the board). The session processors read media streams from the associated disks (respectively writes media streams to the disks). The throughput of each processor and disk subsystem follows from the media server requirements shown in the last section, i.e. each processor is supposed to handle 2 Gbps of throughput. The session processors operate in N+1 redundancy, i.e. one processor may fail with the remaining processors able to handle 100% of total traffic. Media processors: Support transcoding of life video streams and offline transcoding of media streams. The media processors are based on Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and supported by control processors to set-up and tear down sessions. The actual amount of DSPs needed depends on the type of application and the number of sessions to be transcoded. Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 5
6 Session Processors Main Controllers Fabric (GbE) Media Processors (DSP) t di Hubs (10GbE) IP Fig. 3 Media Server Systems Architecture The system architecture provides a redundant configuration without single points of failure. The actual amount of processors needed depends on the specific type of application and the capacity of the chosen components. For the architecture shown in Fig. 3 it is assumed, that each session processor is able to process about 1000 sessions at 80% load. The actual number of DSPs also largely depends on the type of applications. For the sample architecture, it is assumed that one DSP component may handle 500 voice streams or 16 media streams for life transcoding. The systems architecture supports a flexible amount of Media Processors and Session Processors and is easily scalable. ATCA Sample Configuration How can the systems architecture be translated into a systems design? In fact, ATCA is extremely well suited to provide suitable building blocks at board level and in particular at AMC level. ATCA allows extremely flexible and compact designs for high capacity multi-processor systems with high demands of Ethernet connectivity over the backplane. Figure 4 shows a sample configuration in ATCA. Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 6
7 (GbE) Session Processor Media Processor (10GbE) (10GbE) Main Controller Fig. 4 Media Server Sample Configuration The configuration is based on a 14-slot ATCA housing and directly relates to the systems architecture shown in Figure 3. The hubs are represented by two ATCA Hub Nodes, which provide the required uplink capacity over 2x 10GbE interfaces on AMC, as well as extra GbE interfaces e.g. to connect life sources. The Hub Nodes also handle the distribution of traffic to the processor board over Ethernet fabric on the backplane. As the system architecture only requires one 10 GbE uplink per Hub, the extra 10 GbE port may carry extra traffic and provide extra switching capacity to interconnect with other servers in the IP network (in fact both hubs are in operation and share the traffic on the uplinks). The Session Processors are represented by ATCA processor blades with 2 disks on AMCs directly on the processor. The Media Processors are represented by ATCA carrier boards with DSP AMCs and Processor AMCs. The 14-slot system still provides 4 slots of spare capacity, of which 2 are occupied by an ATCA carrier board with a processor AMC and disk AMC for the main controllers. The Main Controllers are allocated as processor AMCs on the Hub Nodes. Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 7
8 x 10GbE 1x GbE GbE Hub1 4x GbE to 4 selected slots 2x GbE to each slot 2x GbE inter-hub Hub Fabric 2x 10GbE 1x GbE 4x GbE 2x GbE to each slot 4x GbE GbE Base Fig. 5 Backplane Capacity The fabric capacity needed to support the configuration is shown in Figure 5. The Basic supports 2x GbE interfaces to each slot with 1x GbE to each hub in a dual star configuration. The Fabric provides extra 2x GbE connectivity to each slot over another dual star configuration with 1x GbE to each hub. The Hubs shown in Figure 5 provide extra 1x GbE connectivity to 4 selected slots each. In summary, each slot is connected with 4x GbE links, 8 selected slots connect over a total of 5x GbE. The total backplane capacity sums up to 64x GbE, which is more than sufficient to handle the required throughput of the Media Server of 10 Gbps in a redundant configuration. The hubs need to handle the accumulated traffic of the system, as well as to provide extra switching capacity to interconnect with external systems in the IP network. Each of the Hubs provides a 10 GbE interface for the traffic to be processed by the Media Server, as well as an extra GbE link for external sources. An extra 10 GbE uplink on each of the hubs provides 100% of extra switch capacity to interconnect external systems, such as additional Media Servers. Feeder Pipes and Connection Pipes For Media Servers operating on multimedia sessions and content, uplinks or feeder pipes of 10 Gbps via 10GbE are recommended. As shown in this paper, the systems are typically multi-processor systems containing a multitude of general purpose CPUs or DSPs. The media streams are distributed through the hubs to the processors over GbE connections. An ATCA system allows accommodating 12 to 26 processors in a single chassis. As 1 Gbps of throughput represents the current limit of a general purpose processor, the traffic streams will need to be delivered over 1GbE pipes to the processing elements. In a redundant dual-star configuration, each processor blade connects through 4 GbE pipes. There is no need for 10GbE connection pipes. An important requirement is the availability Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 8
9 of multiple networks in the backplane in order to support redundant configurations and to support the separation of networks physically and by VLAN or protected port groups. Media Servers as shown in this paper operate on user sessions and multimedia content. A different class of application is represented by packet filtering, or packet inspection. Such systems typically work much closer on the wire or communication stream. Feeder pipes and connection pipes are much closer: ideally, each processor feeds one communication stream and just connects over the backplane for management. Should several slots need to be combined to build a packet processor, the backplane needs to handle 10GbE between the corresponding slots over Fabric Channels. In summary, ATCA today is well suited to provide media processing in wireless and wireless networks with high traffic loads. By its modular design, ATCA it is able to provide systems from entry level to the highest capacity and density of processing. For the protection of investments, a modular concept to handle growth and upgrades is indispensable. AMCs represent a foundation of a flexible and scalable systems design. Another essential component are the hubs, which need to support different options for traffic over 1 GbE and 10 GbE both at the uplinks and at the Fabric interface. A modular design supports easy upgrades at lowest cost. Still, the transition between a 1GbE fabric and 10GbE fabric needs to be carefully considered. In summary, the question is whether the returns on the application can justify the extra cost of the latest 10G equipment. References [1] Traffic model spreadsheet: /media_server_traffic.xls Copyright Kontron, 2007 Contact: stephan.rupp@kontron.com 9
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