A Modified DRR-Based Non-real-time Service Scheduling Scheme in Wireless Metropolitan Networks
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1 A Modified DRR-Based Non-real-time Service Scheduling Scheme in Wireless Metropolitan Networks Han-Sheng Chuang 1, Liang-Teh Lee 1 and Chen-Feng Wu 2 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan 2 Department of Information Management,, Yu Da University,, Miaoli County, Taiwan d @ms.ttu.edu.tw ltlee@ttu.edu.tw cfwu@ydu.edu.tw Abstract:WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is the most promising and potential broadband wireless technology with the approved IEEE standard. Radio Resource Management (RRM) always plays important role in providing the Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees in WiMAX. There are few proposed novel scheduling algorithms are designed for non-real-time services due to their lower strict priority. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme which is based on Modified Deficit Round Robin including packet scheduling and Call Admission Control (CAC) with the channel condition for non-real-time service in WiMAX. Simulation results illustrate the proposed scheduling and CAC increase the throughput and decrease the packet loss rate in non-real-time service significantly. Keywords: WiMAX, Quality of Service (QoS), Modified Deficit Round Robin (MDRR), Call Admission Control 1 Introduction IEEE standards [1, 2, 3] have been proposed to achieve the requirement of wide-area wireless broadband access recently. An IEEE System consists of one base station (BS) and several subscribers stations (SSs) and is named WiMAX. One of the important principles in WiMAX is connection oriented. Since the increasing popularity of broadband wireless networks, QoS becomes a key issue for the design and deployment. Even though the standard specifies the principles of QoS in Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The details are left to vendors to design. How to design a scheduling algorithm is still an open issue and it is important to efficient utilization. Because of the connection oriented, the SS negotiates the initial QoS requirements with BS during the registrations. In this paper, Grant-Per-Connection (GPC) is taken into account for discussions. On the downlink (from BS to SS), the BS finishes the scheduling for downlink direction and provides the QoS guarantees. Only the downlink transmission will be discussed in this paper, because most of the applications on the Internet are downloading data, especially non-real-time service. 209
2 2 Related Work 2.1 QoS Service in WiMAX WiMAX specifies five types of service classes: Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), real-time Polling Service (rtps), extended real-time Polling Service (ertps), non-real-time Polling Service (nrtps), and Best Effort (BE). The allocations of UGS are fixed, while the allocations of ertps and rtps are dynamic. The nrtps is designed for non-real-time service that requires variable size bursts periodically and BE is adopted for the service which does not concern itself with throughput or delay guarantees. 2.2 RR-Based Scheduling The RR scheduler is a simple and normal algorithm which distributes the equal resource without priority, but it does not guarantee any QoS requirements. There had been some enhanced RR-based schedulers proposed, such as the weighted round-robin (WRR) [4] and the deficit round-robin (DRR) [5]. For WRR scheduler, each SS is assigned a weight as its priority. The scheduler allocates the bandwidth according to the static weight. DRR scheduler sets a fixed quantum and a deficit counter to each flow, and it allows provision of different quanta for each SS. A higher quantum can be assigned to higher priority SSs. 2.3 Call Admission Control The method of Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate (MR) is currently most adopted. Because each service has its own MR except BE and it can be assumed as r min (i, j) that represents the MR of the j th connection for the i th class of service flow, the CAC can be designed easily and summarized by Eq. 1. C a C total I i i0 J 1 j0 rmin i, j) ( (1) Where, C a and C total represent the available capacity of current system and the total capacity of whole system, respectively. Once a new connection intends to add to the system, the newer C a in Eq. 1 will be recalculated and checked if it is greater than 0 or not. 210
3 3 Proposed Scheduling Scheme 3.1 Signal-Aware Call Admission Control IEEE e specifies a Fast Feedback region that can be assigned in the uplink sub-frame, and it provides several uplink control channels to send messages to rapid exchange cross-layer information [6]. One of those is CQICH (Channel Quality Information Channel), replied the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) by SSs. A cross-layer CAC, which takes the minimum reserved traffic rate and SNR of connections as the conditions, called Signal-Aware Call Admission Control (SA) was proposed. The SA is based on MR principle and can be designed and summarized by Eq. 2. SNRi SNR Ca Ctotal tlv I i i0 J 1 r min j0 ( i, j) 0 (2) Where, SNR i and SNR tlv represent the SNR of the i th connection and the minimum required SNR of the new connection added to the system, respectively. The SNR tlv can be set referred the loading of whole system. If the loading is light, the SNR tlv can be less, and vice versa. The minimum reserved traffic rate is taken into consideration because non-real-time service (nrtps) has lower strict priority (Priorities: UGS>ertPS>rtPS>nrtPS>BE). 3.2 Customized Modified Deficit Round Robin Modified Deficit Round Robin (MDRR) is based on Deficit Round Robin [7]. Each queue defines two variables: Quantum Value (QV) is the average number of bits that will be served for each round, and Deficit Counter (DC) is used to record the number of bits in the queue sent in each round and it is equal to the Quantum Value in initial. Each queue of MDRR can be specified relative weights (W). A Customized Modified Deficit Round Robin with SNR (CMDRR) is proposed in this paper. First, the variables of queues need to be transformed and second, the weight of queue will be assigned. They can be designed and summarized by Eq. 3, Eq. 4 and Eq. 5, respectively. Quantum Value = BW i alloc / FPS (3) Deficit Counter = Quantum Value (4) Weight = Quaritle of SNR i (5) Where, BW i alloc means the allocated bandwidth of i th connection, and FPS is the Frames in Per Second. QV is the amount of data that can be transmitted for each frame of a SS, and a time frame is assumed to be a round. If the congestion occurs in the queue, then DC will be modified by Eq
4 Deficit Counter Deficit Counter initial *Weight Min The Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate of ithconnection (6) Eq. 6 shows that the queue of connection with higher SNR can transmit more data in a round. The quartile was adopted to assign weights for each queue. The proposed scheme will record the SNR of all connections in system and calculate the quartile in BS, and then compares the quartile with the SNR of each queue to assign the weights: Step1: If the lower quartile (Q1) > SNR i, the weight = 1. Step2: If the median (Q2) > SNR i > Q1, the weight = 2. Step3: If the upper quartile (Q3) > SNR i > Q2, the weight = 3. Step4: If SNR i > Q3, the weight = 4. In MDRR, a queue in a group can be defined as a Priority Queue (PQ). The PQ always will be served in each round and does not consider the order. In this paper, we will temporarily assign the queue with the shortest length as the PQ. This means that it will release the occupied resources quickly. 4 Simulation Results and Discussion The simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheduling algorithm and CAC according to the throughput of non-real-time service (nrtps) for downlink traffic. The simulations were implemented in NS-2 with the following parameters as shown in table 1. The simulation adopts the operation mode of Point-to-Multi-Point (PMP) and composes of one BS and five SSs based on IEEE e. To simplify the simulation, the SSs only request of nrtps service. In the scenario, SSs request a new connection requirement every 10 seconds. The simulation had lasted for 60 seconds and repeated 10 times to obtain average value. Table 1. Simulation Parameters. Parameter Value SS distance from BS: SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5 100 m, 200m, 400m, 600m, 800m Source model Constant bit rate (CBR) Maximum sustained traffic rate 100 ~ 200 Kbps Minimum reserved traffic Rate 50 ~ 100 Kbps Maximum latency: nrtps 1 sec (ITU-T Class 4) BS transmitted power 40 dbm Operating frequency band 3.5 GHz Total Bandwidth 6 Mbps Log-normal shadowing standard deviation 9 db Fig. 1 illustrates that the throughput of the SA and CMDRR is larger than the MR and RR, and it will significant for more connections case. Because the RR scheduling does not adjust the resources assigned after the MR admitted even if there are 212
5 available resources not to be assigned in system. It causes that the resource utilization and the throughput decrease. In more connections case, the decrease becomes more apparent. Fig. 1. System Average Throughput. In Fig. 2, the result proves that the CMDRR meets the original intent of our design: The connection with better SNR can transmits more data. According to the propagation loss of wireless communication, the distance is an important factor to affect the radio wave transmission. In the simulation, SSs have different distance between BS, and the SNR strength of SSs in order should be : SS1 > SS2 > SS3 > SS4 > SS5. As shown in Fig. 2, SS1 with the strongest SNR has the highest throughput, other SSs have different throughput corresponded to their own SNR strength in order. Fig. 2. SSs Average Throughput. The packet loss rate is not particularly important in the QoS of nrtps. However, it has great significance for resource utilization. Because the lost packets need to be re-transmitted, and it will result in reducing efficiency of resources and the throughput will be affected. In Fig. 3, due to it is simpler only nrtps in the simulation, the packet loss ratio is few lower than normal reality. The result proves that the average packet loss ratio of SA and CMDRR is lower than MR and RR, which means that the proposed scheme have better efficiency of RRM than the MR and RR. 213
6 Fig. 3. Average Packet Loss Ratio. 5 Conclusion A technique for channel condition coupled with a MDRR-based scheduling algorithm is proposed in this paper to preserve QoS and fairness in downlink traffic delivery of non-real-time service. In this paper, a signal-aware CAC and scheduling is proposed for downlink connections of nrtps in IEEE The proposed scheme provides efficient assignation for the BS by dynamically adjusting the downlink resource to SSs according to their own SNR. Based on such a scheme, the fairness of resource utilization can be guaranteed for SSs for long term because of the characteristics of the MDRR. References [1] IEEE Computer Society, Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems, IEEE Standard , Jun [2] IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, IEEE Standard , Oct [3] IEEE Computer Society, Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems amendment for physical and medium access control layers for combined fixed and mobile operation in licensed bands, IEEE Standard e, Dec [4] M. Katevenis, S. Sidiropoulos, and C. Courcoubetis, Weighted round-robin cell multiplexing in a general-purpose ATM switch chip, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., Vol. 9, No. 8, pp , [5] M. Shreedhar and G. Varghese, Efficient fair queuing using deficit round robin, IEEE Trans. Netw., Vol., 4, No. 3, pp , [6] S. A. Xergias, N. Passas, and L. Merakos, Flexible Resource Allocation in IEEE Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks, Proc. of the IEEE Local and Metropolitan Area Network (LANMAN 05), pp. 1-6, Sept , [7] Cisco Feature Navigator, eid=
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