Electromagnetic Spectrum
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1 Electromagnetic Spectrum PCS FMRadi o/ TV Short wave Radi o AM Broadcast Ul trasoni c Soni c Vi si ble Li ght Infrared Li ght Ul travi ol et X- Rays Frequency 1 khz 1 M Hz 1 G Hz 1 THz 1 Y Hz 1 ZHz Wavelength 1 M m 1 km 1 m 1 m m 1 nm 1 pm c = f λ n c: Speed oflight( m/µs ) f: Frequency λ: Wavelength n: Refractive index (vacuum: ;standard air:1.0003;silicafiber:1.44 to1.48) What is lightwave technology? Lightwave technology uses light as the primary medium to carry information. The light often is guided through optical fibers (fiberoptic technology). (HP) Most applications use invisible (infrared) light. 1
2 Why lightwave technology? Most cost-effective way to move huge amounts of information (voice, data) quickly and reliably. Light is insensitive to electrical interference. Fiber-optic cables have less weight and consume less space than equivalent electrical links. (HP) Use Of Lightwave Technology Majority applications: Telephone networks Data communication systems Cable TV distribution Niche applications: Optical sensors Medical equipment Displays & signs 2
3 Telephone Networks Long distance telecommunication up to 600 km repeater spans, up to 9000 km total link length Most demanding, most expensive Access network (1 km - 20 km) Cost driven, less competition Other Networks Data communication (1 m m) As cheap as it can get Keywords: premises network, LAN, backbone, FDDI, Gigabit-Ethernet, Fibre Channel HP Journal12/97 Cable TV (urban distribution) Analog network 3
4 Relative Load 50 Telecommunication Network Bandwidth Trend Total:35%/year Voice: 10%/year Source: Year Basic Optical Link Trans mitter Connector Cable Splice Cable Receiver 4
5 Typical Long-haul System Two pairs ofsingle-mode fiber Terminal Equipment Amplifier Unit Amplifier Unit Regenerator Unit Amplifier Unit Terminal Equipment Amplifierspans: Regeneratorspans: Terminalspans: 30 to 120 km 50 to 600 km up to 600 km (withoutregenerators) up to 9000 km (withregenerators) Network Model Appli cati ons Layer DATA OPTICAL ACCESS LAN MULTIMEDIA VIDEO VOICE IMAGE WDM NETW ORK ELEM ENTS WDM onnect R WDM Routing Star WDM Add/Drop Mux El ectronic Switching Layers FUTU RE FORM AT ATM / ATM / SONET SONET LEGACY SW ITCH LEG ACY SW ITCH ATM / SONET ATM / SONET FUTURE FORM AT Confi gurabl e Opti cal, WDM Layers Ring R Local Exchange Network Long Distance Network Private Network (with Optical Access) 5
6 Key Standards Telecom Standards Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Datacom Standards Ethernet, Fast Ethernet (coax or twisted air cable) Gigabit-Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z) Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Fibre Channel (FC-PH) Internet Protocol (IP) PDH Networks Developed in the early 1970 s Still many systems in place, especially for low speed traffic Multiplexes digital voice circuits (64 kb/s) North America: DS1 (1.5 Mb/s) to DS4 (139 Mb/s) Europe: E1 (2 Mb/s) to E4 (139 Mb/s) Japan: 2 to 98 Mb/s Drawbacks Not perfectly synchronized: extra bits needed Difficult to add/drop low speed stream from high-speed stream No standard on line interfaces & coding Seconds to minutes to restoration time after a failure 6
7 SONET / SDH THE standard for new telecom networks: North America: SONET version International: SDH version Optimized for voice traffic Virtual container technology can carry many different traffic types & speeds Definitions include: Optical requirements Modulation and BER Functional layer (e.g., frames) Protection and restoration Network management Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) High performance data transfer standard Uniform cell: 5 header bytes, 48 data bytes Simple and efficient cell switching Optimizes use of available network capacity Quality of Service (QoS) Bandwidth and delay guarantees Admission control to satisfy QoS Compatibility with installed networks Can run over PDH or SONET/SDH systems 7
8 Internet Protocol (IP) WAN / MAN / LAN protocol for data Originally designed for data ( , file transfer) Voice & video applications under development Layered design Key contribution to widespread deployment Can be easily adapted to new technologies Higher layers can run over other data networks as long as they provide compatible services Point-to-Point protocol (PPP) Common data link layer to connect PCs to LANs or to the internet via phone lines (e.g., home PC with modem) 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5 - Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data link 1 - Physical Common Transmission Speeds SONET/SDH rates: OC-3, STM-1: Mb/s OC-12, STM-4: Mb/s OC-48, STM-16: Mb/s OC-192, STM-64: Mb/s Datacom rates: FDDI: 125 (100) Mb/s FireWire: Mb/s Fibre Channel: Mb/s Ethernet: 10 or 100 Mb/s G-Ethernet: 1250 Mb PDH: North America: DS1: Mb/s DS2: Mb/s DS3: Mb/s DS4: Mb/s Europe: E Mb/s E2: Mb/s E3: Mb/s E4: Mb/s 8
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