Computer Networks 2012/2013. Introduction part 1 (01) Dr. Tanir Ozcelebi. Thanks to A. Leon-Garcia & I. Widjaja, & I. Radovanovic & A. S.
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1 Computer Networks 2012/20 Introduction part 1 (01) Dr. Thanks to A. Leon-Garcia & I. Widjaja, & I. Radovanovic & A. S. Tanenbaum System Architecture and Networking Group
2 Outline What is the Internet? Why / How do networks evolve? Network Structure Network edge: Hosts (servers & clients) Access networks Network core Performance: loss, delay, throughput Protocol layers, service models 2
3 What is a network? An interconnected configuration of system components designed to communicate and share A connected system of things or people e.g. a network of gossip or spies 3
4 What is a computer network? Physically: An infrastructure interconnecting end-devices End-devices PC s, workstations, PDA s, TV s, cell phones Network Interface Cards (NIC) and OS are included Infrastructure Communication links (e.g. fiber cable, radio) Packet switches (e.g. routers, link layer switches) Logically: A facility providing information exchange between applications that are not sharing memory 4
5 What is the Internet? Physically: A public network of computer networks millions of end-devices, networks Logically: A network infrastructure that provides services to distributed applications e.g. , world-wide web (www), instant messaging, online games, VoIP, TV etc. A means for data/message delivery from a source device to a destination device uses certain protocols to achieve this Mobile network Global ISP Home network Regional ISP Institutional network 5
6 Outline What is the Internet? Why / How do networks evolve? Network Structure Network edge: Hosts (servers & clients) Access networks Network core Performance: loss, delay, throughput Protocol layers, service models 6
7 Network development: The push There are several reasons for computer networks to evolve and to be widespread. Technology push Industry push Economy (huge economy ) Social push 7
8 Technology advance: Communication networks Data rate growth over years 8
9 Better processors Moore s Law: Number of transistors integrated into a processor doubles every 2 years. Picture from 9
10 Industry > 900 million hosts as of July 2012!!! (only 500 hosts in 1983) Metcalfe s Law (Ethernet co-inventor): The value, usefulness, or utility of a network equals the square of the number of users (or connected devices). 10
11 Economy E-commerce: e-banking, ticket reservation, shopping etc. Dutch e-commerce: Nearly 70% of the Dutch population shops online and 10% of all purchases in the Netherlands are now made online, with ideal being the favourite payment method. (from E-commerce Europe Report: Online Payments 2012). 11
12 Social aspects Social networks Entertainment Better/cheaper communication (IM etc.) E-learning Working from home Second life 12
13 The Evolution: How? So the motivation is clear from many perspectives. But, the question remains: How do communication networks evolve? What are the key factors?
14 Key factors in communication network evolution user 14
15 Role of technology and market Technology should not only be available but also be cost-effective Market Trends and hypes Trying to push technology has consequences! Look at WAP, MMS etc. 15
16 Role of standards Equipment interoperability between different vendors Network value depends on the size of community it can reach (Metcalfe s Law!) more suppliers competition lower price bigger community Standardization bodies: International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 16
17 Role of regulations Governmental regulation for industry protection e.g. copyright issues Censorship e.g. some governments Open market competition No monopoly Local regulations (e.g. institution/company regulations) e.g. some organizations block access to social network sites, using BitTorrent, excessive download/upload etc. 17
18 Outline What is the Internet? Why / How do networks evolve? Network Structure Network edge: Hosts (servers & clients) Access networks Network core Performance: loss, delay, throughput Protocol layers, service models 18
19 Network structure network edge: hosts and applications that run on them access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links network core: interconnected routers 19
20 Network edge End systems (hosts): run applications at edge of network e.g. Web, client/server model client host requests, receives service from always-on server, e.g. Web browser/server; client/server peer-to-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers, e.g. Skype, BitTorrent peer-peer client/server 20
21 Access networks An access network connects end devices to a router residential access networks institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks 21
22 Network core Interconnected routers Fundamental question: How is data transferred from edge to edge? circuit switching packet-switching 22
23 Circuit switching Provides: dedicated circuit per call/session resources dedicated for the call (no sharing) e.g. link bandwidth, switch capacity circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup needed resources not used by call are idle How to create such circuits? Network logically divided into pieces 23
24 Circuit switching: FDM and TDM FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing frequency Example: 4 users TDM: Time Division Multiplexing time frequency time 24
25 Packet switching Each end-to-end data stream divided into packets packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth prevents idle time resources used as needed (no reservations) Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation Resource contention: bandwidth demand can exceed amount available (congestion): too many packets store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete packet before forwarding 25
26 Packet switching: Statistical multiplexing Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing. A 100 Mb/s Ethernet statistical multiplexing C B queue of packets waiting for output link 1.5 Mb/s D E 26
27 Packet switching: Store-and-forward takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link at R bps store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay) L R R R Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps transmission delay = 15 sec more on delay shortly 27
28 Packet switching vs. circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use the network! Example: 1 Mb/s link Each user: 100 kb/s when active active 10% of time HOW MANY users can be supported? N users 1 Mbps link 28
29 Packet switching vs. circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use the network! Example: 1 Mb/s link Each user: 100 kb/s when active active 10% of time circuit-switching: 10 users packet switching: with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than.0004 N users 1 Mbps link Exercise: How did we get value ? 29
30 Packet switching vs. circuit switching Is packet switching a winner? great for bursty data efficiency in resource sharing no call setup required congestion: causes packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide resource guarantees (circuit-like behavior)? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem (more later) 30
31 Internet structure: Network of networks roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP 31
32 Internet structure: Network of networks Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to the rest of the Internet Tier-2 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other. Tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP 32
33 Internet structure: Network of networks Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs last hop ( access ) network (closest to end systems) Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to the rest of the Internet local ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP 33
34 Internet structure: Network of networks A packet passes through many networks! local ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP 34
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