Internet of Things (IoT) CSE237A

Transcription

1 Internet of Things (IoT) CSE237A

2 Class Overview What ve covered until now: All material that will be on exam! Where we are going today: IoT & exam review Due today: Article on IoT HW3 at 11:59pm; upload.pdf on TED Upcoming: Check grades on TED! Exam on Thursday during class time Open book/notes but no electronics Covers all material covered in the class

3 What is IoT? Connecting things together Everything that has the ability to communicate 3

4 IoT Evolution Starts with only network and evolves into everything that can be connected with a network Source: Perera et al

5 Any-X Point of View Source: Perera et al The Internet of Things allows people and things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and Anyone, ideally using Any path/network and Any service. 5

6 Characteristics of IoT 1. Intelligence Knowledge extraction from the generated data 2. Architecture A hybrid architecture supporting many others 3. Complex system A diverse set of dynamically changing objects 4. Size considerations Scalability 5. Time considerations Billions of parallel and simultaneous events 6. Space considerations Localization 7. Everything-as-a-service Consuming resources as a service 6

7 IoT Layered Architecture Middleware and Applications Sensing And Communication Source: ZTE 7

8 Sensor Networks (SNs) Consist of a certain number (which can be very high) of sensing nodes (generally wireless) communicating in a wireless multi-hop fashion Source: Perera et al

9 Sensor Networks (SNs) SNs generally exist without IoT but IoT cannot exist without SNs SNs have been designed, developed, and used for specific application purposes Environmental monitoring, agriculture, medical care, event detection etc. For IoT purposes, SNs need to have a middleware addressing these issues: Abstraction support, data fusion, resource constraints, dynamic topology, application knowledge, programming paradigm, adaptability, scalability, security, and QoS support 9

10 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Source: Atzori et al Middleware solutions for IoT usually follow SOA approaches Allows SW/HW reuse Doesn t impose specific technology A layered system model addressing previous issues Abstraction, common services, composition 10

11 Again - Overall Picture Source: What the Internet of Things (IoT) Needs to Become a Reality, White Paper, by K. Karimi and G. Atkinson 11

12 Applications Several different domains Transportation and logistics Healthcare Smart environment (home, office, etc.) Personal and social domain 12

13 Application Domains and Scenarios Source: Atzori et al

14 Healthcare Applications Various sensors for various conditions Example ICP sensor: Short or long term monitoring of pressure in the brain cavity Implanted in the brain cavity and senses the increase of pressure Sensor and associated electronics encapsulated in safe and biodegradable material External RF reader powers the unit and receives the signal Source: Qian Zhang. Lecture notes Stability over 30 days so far 14

15 Healthcare Applications Source: Qian Zhang. Lecture notes Other applications: National Health Information Network Electronic Patient Record Home monitoring and control Pulse oximeters, blood glucose monitors, infusion pumps, accelerometers Bioinformatics Gene/protein expression Systems biology Disease dynamics 15

16 Environmental Application: CitiSense Air quality monitoring project in UCSD CSE Environmental application Electrochemical sensors, microcontroller for data collection and transmission to an Android app Actuation: air quality is immediately reported, as well as retransmitted to a backend for larger-scale analysis 16

17 Transportation Applications Vehicle control: Airplanes, automobiles, autonomous vehicles All kinds of sensors to provide accurate, redundant view of the world Processors in cars (Engine control, break system, airbag deployment system, windshield wiper, door locks, entertainment system, etc.) Actuation is maintaining control of the vehicle Very tight timing constraints and requirements enforced by the platforms 17

18 Smart Home Applications Smart meters, heating/cooling, motion/temperature/lighting sensors, smart appliances, security, etc. 19

19 Open Problems and Challenges Lack of standardization Scalability Addressing issues Understanding the big data Support for mobility Address acquisition New network traffic patterns to handle Security/Privacy issues 20

20 21 Standardization Open Interconnect Consortium Atmell, Dell, Intel, Samsung and Wind River Industrial Internet Consortium Intel, Cisco, GE, IBM AllSeen Alliance: led by Qualcomm, many others Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) Intel, Samsung, Microsoft, Electronux, Qualcomm, Cisco Unify IoT standard and specify protocols and open source projects Seeks to scale the emerging IoT ecosystem by including a broader array of companies Range of customer, enterprise and embedded devices and sensors from a variety of manufactures to securely and seamlessly interact with one another +100 companies, 11 academic/nonprofit centers

21 OCF specification IoT Scope Machine learning Security Message exchange between devices Smart home sensors - Smart Home - Device management - Messaging - Discovery - Security - WiFi/BL/Zigbee 22 Control of things Context aware

22 OCF specification - interoperability Heterogeneous things Full interoperability from the connectivity layer up to the service layer 23

23 OCT specification - definition Defining resources of things and its property Defining functions/operations of things Characteristics Simple resource model Minimize CPU load, memory impacts, traffic and bandwidth 24

24 Scalability Number of devices increasing exponentially How can they uniquely be tagged/named? (e.g. IPv6) How can the data generated by these devices be managed? 25

25 New Network Traffic to Handle The characteristics of the smart objects traffic in the IoT is still not known Important basis for the design of the network infrastructures and protocols Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) traffic characterization Strongly depend on the application scenario. Problems arise when WSNs become part of the overall Internet. The Internet will be traversed by a large amount of data generated by sensor networks deployed for heterogeneous purposes extremely different traffic characteristics Quality of service is key 26

26 Security The components spend most of the time unattended It is easy to physically attack them Communication is often wireless, which makes eavesdropping simple IoT components are characterized by limited capabilities in terms of both energy and computing resources They cannot implement complex schemes supporting security 27

27 Security Problems Authentication Inclusion of sensors to the internet Solutions proposed but not enough Proxy attack, aka man in the middle attack problem Man in the middle attack Source: Atzori et al. (2010) Data integrity Data should not be modified without the system detecting it Attacks on the node Memory protection Attacks over the network Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code 28

28 Privacy How is it different than traditional privacy? Legislative issues Ethics issues Easy for a person to get involved in IoT even if he/she does not know Data can be stored indefinitely Current solutions are not sufficient Encryption, pseudo-noise signal, privacy broker 29

29 An exciting future! 30

30 Exam Review: Petri Net Initial marking: [ ] 31

31 StateChart Problem 32

32 SDF 33

33 Resources and SDF Find the fastest and lowest energy schedule assuming SDF tasks have to be executed sequentially, on following HW: 34

34 Dependent Task Scheduling Add/Sub = 1 cycle Mul/Div = 2 cycles 35

35 Real-time Schedulers 36