Routing In Ad Hoc Networks

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1 Routing n d oc Networks ontents 1. ntroduction to ad-hoc networks 2. Proactive routing protocols OLR 3. Reactive routing protocols R, OV 4. Non-uniform routing protocols ZRP, R 5. Other approaches eographical routing Material R d hoc On- emand istance Vector (OV) Routing rfc3561.txt ynamic ource Routing Protocol for Mobile d oc Networks draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for d oc Networks draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-04.txt harles Perkins: d oc Networking doc-1 ntroduction fixed and wireless networks ixed network ellular network / WLN Mobile ad hoc network doc-2

2 Mobile d oc Networks (MNTs) Network of mobile wireless nodes No infrastructure (e.g. basestations, fixed links, routers, centralized servers) ata can be relayed by intermediate nodes Routing infrastructure created dynamically Traffic from is relayed by nodes and Radio coverage of node doc-3 d oc Networks haracteristics ynamic topology (a link exists if two nodes have radio connectivity) Links are low bandwidth, variable capacity, sometimes unidirectional Limited battery power and other resources in the nodes Many route alternatives (every node is a router) Typical applications Military environments (soldiers, tanks, airplanes) mergency and rescue operations Meeting rooms Personal area networking, e.g. luetooth Wireless home networking pecial applications (industrial control, taxis, boats) doc-4

3 Routing in d oc Networks hallenges ynamic topology Unreliable links Limited resources (battery, processing power) Low link bandwidth ecurity No default router available No physical links Wireless links created and destroyed as nodes move requent disconnections and partitions doc-5 Traditional routing is proactive n proactive routing (table-driven routing), the routing tables are created before packets are sent Link-state (e.g. OP) istance-vector (e.g. RP) ach node knows the routes to all other nodes in the network Problems in d-oc networks Maintenance of routing tables requires much bandwidth ynamic topology much of the routing information is never used Waste of capacity lat topology ost-specific routes, no aggregation doc-6

4 Reactive routing works better in dynamic environments n reactive routing (on-demand routing) the routes are created when needed efore a packet is sent, a route discovery is performed to find the destination The route is stored in a cache as long as it is used When intermediate nodes move, a route repair is required dvantages Only required routes are maintained isadvantages elay before the first packet can be sent Route discovery usually involves flooding doc-7 Routing protocols in d oc Networks Many routing protocols have been proposed oth proactive and reactive ome protocols adapted from wired networks, some invented for mobile ad hoc networks No single protocol works well in all environment epends on traffic patterns, density of nodes, degree of mobility, etc. ttempts to combine different solutions, e.g. adaptive and combinations of proactive and reactive protocols tandardization in T MNT (Mobile d hoc Network) working group urrently considered routing protocols: R, OV, OLR, TRP MobileP doc-8

5 Proactive routing protocols in ad hoc networks Protocols V (estination equenced istance-vector) WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol) R (lobal tate Routing) R (isheye tate Routing) OLR (Optimized Link tate Routing) R 3626, draft-ietf-manet-olsrv2-02.txt doc-9 Optimized Link tate Routing (OLR) is a proactive link state protocol Reduces the traffic by using Multipoint Relays (MPR) MPR is a neighbor which is chosen to forward packets The MPRs are selected as the minimal set of one-hop neighbors that covers all two-hop neighbors of a node Packets are only forwarded by the MPRs reduces overhead nformation for selecting MPRs is gathered from ello messages N M L Node has chosen neighbors, and as its MRP, because they cover all two-hop neighbors ( to N) doc-10

6 OLR messages ello messages are sent periodically to all neighbors ontains information about neighbors, nodes chosen as MPR, list of neighbors without bidirectional connectivity idirectional connectivity declared when own address is included in ello message sent by the neighbor Topology nformation messages are periodically flooded to the network ontains the neighbors that selected this node as their MPR escribes the topology Multiple nterface eclaration messages are flooded by nodes with OLR running on several interfaces doc-11 OLR Routing table is calculated from the learned information Neighbors learned from ello messages Other nodes learned from Topology nformation messages OLR is suitable for large and dense networks that are not too dynamic doc-12

7 Reactive routing protocols in ad hoc networks Reactive routing protocols R (ynamic ource Routing) draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt OV (d-hoc On-demand istance Vector) R 3561 YMO (ynamic MNT On-demand) draft-ietf-manet-dymo-02 TOR (Temporally Ordered Routing lgorithm) R (ssociativity ased Routing) doc-15 Route discovery in reactive routing protocols is based on flooding The source must discover a route to the destination The source broadcasts a route request message with an empty path field ach node re-broadcasts the route request if it is has not been seen before, and adds its own address to the path field When the destination receives the route request, it generates a route reply, which traverses the reverse path back to the source The route is learned by the source or by the intermediate nodes Route discovery effectively floods the network with the route request packet doc-16

8 Reactive routing route maintenance The source and the intermediate nodes must maintain the route when it is used. f the route is broken due to topology changes, the route must be repaired The source sends a new route request to the destination mprovement: ntermediate nodes can discover broken links and locally repair the connection ntermediate nodes can remember successful paths f a route request to the destination is received from another node, the intermediate node can answer on behalf of the destination doc-17 xample reactive protocol: ynamic ource Routing (R) ource node has a packet to send to. t floods a Route Request (RRQ) with its own address in the path. [] [] [] doc-18

9 xample reactive protocol: ynamic ource Routing (R) Nodes receiving the Route Request inserts their address to the path and forward the request to their neighbors. [,] [,] [,] [,] doc-19 The process is repeated xample reactive protocol: ynamic ource Routing (R) [,,] [,,] [,,] doc-20

10 xample reactive protocol: ynamic ource Routing (R) inally the destination node receives the Route Request [,,,] [,,,] doc-21 xample reactive protocol: ynamic ource Routing (R) The destination generates a Route Reply (RRP), which is forwarded back to the source along the reversed path. [,,,,] doc-22

11 ynamic ource Routing (R) is based on source routing The source node caches the path received in the RRP The entire route is included in packets sent from ource routing The source node also learns the routes to the intermediate nodes also learns route to, and ntermediate nodes learn routes to nodes in forwarded RRQ and RRP packets Node learns route to,, and ata [,,,,] doc-23 Properties of R dvantages Only the communicating nodes need to maintain the route everal alternative routes to the destination ntermediate nodes can reply to requests using their cache Problems Long routes Long packets (Large overhead in e.g. small voice packets) Route request is flooded to the whole network (an be limited with expanding ring search) ongestion if too many nodes reply tale caches doc-24

12 d-hoc On-demand istance Vector Routing (OV) ims to reduce packet size by maintaining the route in the intermediate nodes as distance vectors Route request (RRQ) flooded similarly to R When the Route reply (RRP) is relayed, the intermediate node insert the route into their routing table The routing table has entries for both directions ntries in the forwarding table time out when not used estination Next hop Routing table of doc-25 OV routing table or each routing table entry estination P address estination sequence number (see next slide) nterface op count Next hop List of precursors (neighbors using it as their next hop) Lifetime (old entries time out) lags valid destination sequence number valid, invalid, repairable, being repaired doc-26

13 The entries are identified with destination sequence numbers equence numbers are used to Prevent routing loops void old and broken routes The destination generates the sequence number and includes it in the reply f two routes are available, the requesting node selects the one with highest sequence number The requesting node gives a minimum sequence number ntermediate nodes can reply only if it has a route with at least the given minimum number doc-27 OV Route requests node sends a route request when it needs a route to a destination and does not have one estination number in RRQ is the last known number for the destination (may be unknown) xpanding ring search Waiting packets are queued during the route request ntermediate nodes iscards duplicate requests reates an entry towards the requester (sequence number from RRQ) Used for reply reates an entry to the previous hop (no sequence number) Replies if it has an active route with requested or higher sequence number Otherwise broadcasts the request on all interfaces doc-28

14 OV Route replies f the destination replies The current sequence number of the destination is first incremented if it is equal to the number in the request RRP contains the current sequence number, hop count = 0, full lifetime f an intermediate node replies The sequence number, hop count and lifetime are copied from the routing table to the RRP t may be necessary to unicast a gratuitous RRP to the destination so it learns the path to the requester The intermediate nodes update their routing table The RRP is forwarded to the originator The next hop to the originator is added to the precursor list (this is simplified) doc-29 OV Route errors are reported Neighboring nodes with active routes periodically exchange ello messages f a next hop link in the routing table fails, the active neighbors are informed with a Route rror (RRR) message neighbor is considered active for an entry, if the neighbor sent a packet within a timeout interval that was forwarded using the entry. The RRR indicates the unreachable destinations The sequence number for the destinations using the link is increased RRR message is also generated if a node is unable to relay a message The source performs a new route request when it receives a RRR n intermediate node can perform a local repair doc-30

15 Non-uniform protocols Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) lustering routing protocols doc-31 Non-uniform protocols The previously discussed (uniform) protocols scales to networks with less than 100 nodes Larger networks (up to 1000 nodes) require hierarchy Two approaches 1. Neighbor selection Routing activity is focused on a subset of the neighbors Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) Optimized Link tate Routing (OLR) isheye tate Routing (R) 2. Partitioning The network is topologically partitioned ore xtraction istributed d-hoc Routing (R) luster ased Routing Protocol (RP) doc-32

16 ZRP Zone Routing Protocol ased on the concept of zones very node has a zone consisting of the surrounding nodes within ρ hops from it The zone radius (ρ) is a network-wide parameter The zones of neighboring nodes overlap Proactive routing used within the zone Packets are most likely sent to nearby located destinations Reduces the topology maintenance costs to a limited zone Reactive routing used outside the zone Uses local topology information not all nodes are queried ordercasting sends the route request to the border of the zone doc-33 ZRP Zone Routing Protocol ρ=2 Peripheral nodes with minimum distance ρ nterior nodes with minimum distance less than ρ doc-34

17 doc-35 ZRP xample (1) L T U W X R N P Q V O Packet from node to node X doc-36 ZRP xample (2) L T U W X R N P Q V O X is not within the zone of

18 doc-37 ZRP xample (3) L T U W X R N P Q V O end route request to peripheral nodes bordercasting doc-38 ZRP xample (4) L T U W X R N P Q V O Not in routing table of zone of. Process repeated to peripheral nodes.

19 ZRP xample (5) ound in routing table of T. Route reply sent back to. U X L T W P N V Q O R doc-39 lustering Routing Protocols.g. ore-xtraction istributed d hoc Routing (R) N: The clusters are non-overlapping! ore node luster ackbone link doc-40

20 ummary, other approaches doc-41 Routing Protocol lassification ingle channel Uniform Non-uniform Topology-based estination-based Neighbor selection Partioning Proactive Reactive Proactive Reactive ZRP OLR R RP R R V OV WRP TOR R [L.M. eeney, ] doc-42

21 eographical Routing Other routing approaches Utilize location information in routing ssociativity-ased Routing (R) Only links that have been stable for some time are used Multicasting in d hoc networks doc-43 eographical routing in d hoc networks ll nodes know their position (P, relative position) 1. Locating the destination (given the address, obtain the location) Location service rid s Location ervice (L) Location updates Predictive Location-based Qo Routing (PLQR) Nodes send location updates periodically (interval depends on speed) xtra updates are sent when velocity or direction changes 2. Routing to a destination (given the location, route the packet) eographical Routing lgorithm (R) ach node routes the packet to the node that is closer to the destination than itself Route discovery (flooding) if there is no node closer doc-44

22 doc-45

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