WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee. Dmitri A. Moltchanov kurssit/elt-53306/
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1 WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee Dmitri A. Moltchanov kurssit/elt-53306/
2 IEEE WG breakdown; ZigBee Comparison with other technologies; PHY and MAC; Network topologies; Message forwarding: unicast/broadcast; Networking and routing; Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 2
3 1. IEEE WG : specifies WPANs: TG 1: : WPAN/Bluetooth defines PHY and MAC of Bluetooth; standard issued in 2002 and TG 2: : coexistence coexistence of WPANs with other networks in unlicensed band; IEEE published in 2003 and then hibernated. TG 3: high rate WPAN is a MAC and PHY standard for high-rate (11 to 55 Mbit/s) WPANs; a: UWB PHY... no agreement when choosing PHY (MB-OFDM vs. DS-UWB); b-2005: improve implementation and interoperability of the MAC; b-2009: mm-wave-based PHY, 57-64Ghz unlicensed band, >2Gbps. UWB: see UWB forum ( ), WiMedia Alliance ( ). Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 3
4 TG 4: Low Rate WPANs long battery life, low data rate, low complexity; standard released in May 2003; many networks runs on top of : ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, WirelessHART, etc. Enhancements of a-2007: additional PHYs, e.g. UWB pulsed radio; : clarification of the original standard; IEEE c: adaptation to unlicensed bands in China; IEEE d: adaptation to unlicensed bands in China; IEEE e: enhancements for industrial apps, e.g. channel hopping; IEEE f: active RFID systems; IEEE g: smart utility networks: large networks with a lot of end systems. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 4
5 TG 5: Mesh networking two parts: low rate and high rate mesh networks; low rate: IEEE MAC; high rate: IEEE /3b MAC; common features: network initialization, addressing, multihop unicasting; low rate: multicasting, broadcasting, portability, trace route and energy saving. TG 6: Body Area Networks low-power short range standard, draft in TG 7: visible light communication draft in 2011, work in progress. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 5
6 2. ZigBee Common facts: developed by ZigBee Alliance; developed on top of IEEE ; particular implementation of those features specified in IEEE standard. Potential topologies very flexible: centralized star; cluster-tree-based; full mesh (requires additional routing protocol). Specifics: low-rate (even compared to Bluetooth); extremely low power consumption; example of applicability: sensors networks. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 6
7 2.1. Comparison with other technologies Zigbee general characteristics: was formally adopted in December 2004; targets industry: low rates, but low power, cost and simple usage; apps: remote control, home automation, industrial sensor networks; range: meters; offered data rates: 250 Kbits at 2.4 GHz; 40 Kpbs at 915 Mhz and 20Kbps at 868MHz. currently offers three levels of security; costs around half that of Bluetooth; can network up to 256 devices; has power requirements much less than Bluetooth; uses star, tree or mesh topology. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 7
8 Bluetooth: is designed for voice and higher data-rate applications; also operates in the 2.4 GHz spectrum; operates typically over a distance of 10 metres; has a range of around 10 metres; has power requirements of 40 to 100mW per device; can network up to 8 devices; cost 3e per chip. UWB: transmits over a wide frequency band using very low power; very high rates over distances of up to 10m; offering data rates around 500 Mbps at a range of 2 metres; has power demands typically twice that of Bluetooth; typically twice as expensive as Bluetooth implementations. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 8
9 IEEE x technologies: three times more expensive than Bluetooth implementations; around five times the power consumption of Bluetooth devices; a uses OFDM, in the 5GHz band with data rates up to 54Mbps; b uses DSSS, in the 2.4GHz band with data rates up to 11 Mbps; g uses OFDM, in the 2.4GHz band with data rates up to 54Mbps; n is likely to operate in the 5GHz band with data rates over 100Mbps. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 9
10 Reasons for choosing ZigBee: low cost; high reliability; very long battery life; high security; self-healing properties; large number of nodes supported; ease of deployment; guaranteed delivery; route optimization. Not choosing: very specific apps; BLE... Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 10
11 2.2. ZigBee applications Examples of applications: smart buildings; smart industry; automatic control of lighting spaces; control of heating and ventilation; security systems; environmental control (forests, gardens, etc.). various detectors e.g. smoke. In general: wireless sensor networks. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 11
12 2.3. ZigBee protocol overview Three layers architecture. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 12
13 2.4. IEEE PHY Three low power unlicensed radios: 2.4GHz: 250Kbps (EU) 16 channels (ch11-ch26); 915MHz: 40Kbps (US) 10 channels (ch1-ch10); 868MHz: 20Kbps (Europe and Japan) 1 channel (ch0). Channels and modulation in 2.4GHz: 16 channels, each 5MHz wide: ch11-ch26; actual throughput: half of 250Kbps due to overheads; overheads: addressing, security, error control; direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) channel access; O-QPSK (Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying ) modulation. Other responsibilities of PHY: detecting transmissions from new nodes; assessing quality of links with other nodes. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 13
14 2.5. IEEE MAC Functionality: CSMA/CA; Max length of a packet is 127bytes; 2 bytes are used for CRC; guarantees? retransmissions... Two modes of operation: acknowledged; unacknowledged; How ACK mode is implemented: setting ACK bit in a forward packet; if set: receiver ACKs correct reception; if no ACK is received with some time: retransmission. Note: positive ACKs just like in IEEE ! Think why? Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 14
15 2.6. Device types There could be one of: full function device (FFD); reduced function device (RFD). FFD: capable of all the features and always on ; routing/coordination/network formation; can talk to other FFDs and RFDs; FFDs require more power! RFD: sometimes called leaf nodes; simple networking functions; end-systems in a sensor networks; can talk to FFD only. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 15
16 2.7. Logical entities Consists of FFDs and RFDs. Three logical entities; ZigBee network coordinator; ZigBee router; ZigBee end device. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 16
17 Network coordinator: FFD device, one per network; creates a networks, assign a channel/addresses; adds new devices to a network; has constant power supply; sometimes serves as a gateway; a node may join if the coordinator is up; if down no new nodes may join; if down, already existing node may continue to network. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 17
18 Router functionality: FFD devices serving as a relay node; used to extend the range of a network; has constant power supply; sores packets sent to sleeping nodes; can be used to access the network. End device: FFD or RFD devices; low power consumption; sleeping modes are defined; communicate through routers. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 18
19 2.8. Network topologies Topologies: star Shortcomings and advantages: +: single hop, thus, small delay; : single point of failure; : end devices cannot communicate directly. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 19
20 Topologies: cluster-tree two levels of hierarchy; more nodes can be added via routers; larger coverage areas; several pathes in-between end nodes. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 20
21 Topologies: mesh extension of cluster-tree topology; connections to devices at different layers feasible; RFD are still unable to communicate directly; +: delay can be reduced but complexity of routing is high. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 21
22 2.9. Access methods Two methods for all topologies: non-beacon access; beacon-based access. Non-beacon access: transmit at anytime when channel is idle; free-for-all environment. Beacon-based access: coordinator generates a superframe identified at beacon time; all nodes are synchronized; nodes transmit only in its designated time slot; superframe may contain common slot when stations compete. in-between: could go to sleeping. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 22
23 2.10. Creating a network Initialization for coordinator: a node searches for coordinators on all channels; if no coordinators, starts its own one using unique 16-bits PAN ID; Initialization for end nodes: scanning all available channels; can detect router and coordinator with the same PAN ID; if yes, device with strongest SNR is chosen; end device sends Can I join? ; address is allocated if there is place for a new node. Parameters set by a coordinator: max number of child devices allowed per router; max number of hops from the co-ordinator to the most distant device. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 23
24 2.11. Network example Measuring temperature, pressure, alarming, etc. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 24
25 2.12. Addressing Three types of IDs: MAC address: used when joining a network; network address: used for routing/unicating/broadcasting; name of device: used for scanning nodes with common letters. MAC address (called extended address): unique 64-bits ID assigned by IEEE; link-level ID for communication; coordinator may specify which ranges of MAC are allowed. Network address (called short address): 16-bits ID identifying a node in a network, not unique; may change, not used when registering in the network; allocated by a parent node (router or coordinator); coordinator 0x0000, 2 16 = max nodes in a network. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 25
26 2.13. Unicasting and broadcasting Usage of addresses: while joining: extended MAC address; while connected: short network address. Unicast: network address is used as destination address in MAC header; message is routed in the network; destination accepts the message, others drop; destination answers with ACK; the process is a bit more complex: local ACKs. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 26
27 Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 27
28 Broadcasting is used when: joining or rejoining a network; discovering routes in the network; note: should be minimized. Broadcasting: MAC address is 0xFFFF; all active devices receive and analyze the message; all active FFD devices retransmit it. ACKing broadcast message: no explicit active ACKs; passive ACKing: listening whether all neighbors retransmitted; if not: repeat the retransmission! Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 28
29 2.14. Routing and route discovery General considerations: no routing needed for star topology; routing is needed for cluster-tree and mesh topologies; more than one approach available. Cluster-tree topology: tree-routing: works fine for small networks; route discovery: work when network is unstable or large. Mesh: route discovery is only possible. AODV. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 29
30 Tree routing: uses tree hierarchial structure to route; first decision: whether to go up or down in hierarchy; examining address structure: destination is a descendant, the device sends the packet to a child; otherwise: send it to a parent. upon reception by a node: accepts if the destination is a directly connected child; otherwise: sends to a parent. Shortcomings and advantages: : path could be longer than needed; + : quite stable as tree structure is guaranteed; Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 30
31 2.15. Sleeping modes General facts? reducing power consumption of end devices; still retain network address while sleeping; parent devise buffers packets while child is asleep. upon wake up it checks whether there are some in store. Two types of sleeping modes: cyclic sleep: classic; additional modes: can be controlled, e.g. pin sleep. Lecture: WPAN/WBANs: ZigBee 31
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