Politecnico di Milano Advanced Network Technologies Laboratory. ZigBee Revealed
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1 Politecnico di Milano Advanced Network Technologies Laboratory ZigBee Revealed
2 Zigbee: Communica4on Stack APPLICATIONS Customer APPLICATION INTERFACE SECURITY NETWORK LAYER Star/Cluster/Mesh ZigBee Alliance MAC LAYER MAC LAYER PHY LAYER 2.4 GHz 915MHz 868 MHz IEEE Application ZigBee Stack Silicon
3 Network Layer Func4onali4es o o o o o o o o Configuring a new device: this is the ability to sufficiently configure the stack for opera7on as required. Star2ng a network: this is the ability to establish a new network. Joining, rejoining and leaving a network: this is the ability to join, rejoin or leave a network as well as the ability of a ZigBee coordinator or ZigBee router to request that a device leave the network. Addressing: this is the ability of ZigBee coordinators and routers to assign addresses to devices joining the network. Neighbor discovery: this is the ability to discover, record, and report informa7on pertaining to the one- hop neighbors of a device. Route discovery: this is the ability to discover and record paths through the network, whereby messages may be efficiently routed. Recep2on control: this is the ability for a device to control when the receiver is ac7vated and for how long, enabling MAC sub- layer synchroniza7on or direct recep7on. Rou2ng: this is the ability to use different rou7ng mechanisms such as unicast, broadcast, mul7cast or many to one to efficiently exchange data in the network
4 Zigbee Rou4ng: overview o Zigbee Specifica7on (7/2005) o Three Types of Devices: n ZB Coordinator (FFD) n ZB Router (FFD) n ZB End- Device (RFD o FFD) o ZigBee Rou7ng Integrates: n Ad- hoc On- demand Distance Vector (AODV) n Cluster Tree Algorithm
5 Cluster Tree Algorithm: Tree Forma4on o A FFD kicks off the procedure: n It scans the available channels through the proper func7onali7es at the lower layers n Chooses a channel (e.g., the least interfered) n n Sets the PAN iden7fier Sets its own Network Address to 0 (Coordinator) o Other devices may now associate to the coordinator through the lower- layer associa7on procedures o Associated devices may be: n ZB Router (only FFD): may let other devices to associate to the network n ZB End- Device o Address Assignment (16 bits short addresses) is performed jointly with associa7on o Each parent device (PAN coordinator, ZB router) assigns groups of addresses to its children (other ZB routers, ZB end devices)
6 Cluster Tree Forma4on: principles o On the basis of its depth in the tree, a newly joined router is assigned a range of consecu7ve addresses (16- bit integers). o The first integer in the range becomes the node address while the rest will be available for assignment to its children (routers and end- devices).
7 Cluster Tree Algorithm: creazione dell'albero maxdepth (L m ) Depth=0 Depth = d-1 Depth = d o The ZigBee coordinator fixes o o o the maximum number of routers (R m ) end- devices (D m ) that each router may have as children and the maximum depth of the tree (L m ). nwkmaxrouters (R m ) nwkmaxchildren (C m ) MaxDevices (D m )
8 Address Assignment Rule o The size A(d) of the range of addresses assigned to a router node at depth d < L m is defined by: o Nodes at depth L m and end- devices are assigned a single address. o Simple Assignment Rule: o A mote at level d is assigned addresses in range [x,x + A(d)- 1] o It will assign n [x+(i- 1)A(d+1)+1,x+iA(d+1)] to its i- th router child (1 i R m ) n x+r m A(d+1)+j to its jth end- device child (1 j Dm).
9 An Example o Address alloca7ons for R m = 2, D m = 2 and L m = 3. n A(2)=2+2+1=5 n A(1)=1+2+2A(2)=13 n A(0)=1+2+2A(1)=29 n PAN Coordinator can assign addresses in the range [0,28]
10 Tree- Based Rou4ng: Principles o Rou7ng Along the Tree: n If des7na7on address is one of children end devices: o route directly n Else if des7na7on address belongs to one of children routers adresses set: o send to corresponding children router n Else o Send to parent node Routing dev Routing dev Routing dev Dest Dest Dest
11 Rou4ng Along the Tree: Shortcomings o Rou7ng may be not op7mized n Route always along the treee n Rou7ng is quality- agnos7c n E.g.: A wants to send to B A B
12 ZigBee Rou4ng Revealed Local-destined packet Destination One Hop Away AODV routing Fall-Back Tree-Based
13 AODV Rou4ng o A node willing to send to a des7na7on broadcast a Route Requests (RREQ) message o RREQ messages are flooded by receiving nodes o When a node re- broadcasts a Route Request, it sets up a reverse path poin7ng towards the source n AODV assumes symmetric (bi- direc7onal) links o When the intended des7na7on receives a Route Request, it replies by sending a Route Reply o Route Reply travels along the reverse path set- up when Route Request is forwarded
14 Route Requests in AODV Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Represents a node that has received RREQ for D from S
15 Route Requests in AODV Broadcast transmission Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Represents transmission of RREQ
16 Route Requests in AODV Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Represents links on Reverse Path
17 Reverse Path Setup in AODV Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Node C receives RREQ from G and H, but does not forward it again, because node C has already forwarded RREQ once
18 Reverse Path Setup in AODV Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L
19 Reverse Path Setup in AODV Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Node D does not forward RREQ, because node D is the intended target of the RREQ
20 Route Reply in AODV Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Represents links on path taken by RREP
21 Route Reply in AODV o An intermediate node (not the des7na7on) may also send a Route Reply (RREP) provided that it knows a more recent path than the one previously known to sender S o To determine whether the path known to an intermediate node is more recent, desgnagon sequence numbers are used o A new Route Request by node S for a des7na7on is assigned a higher des7na7on sequence number. An intermediate node which knows a route, but with a smaller sequence number, cannot send Route Reply
22 Forward Path Setup in AODV Y Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Forward links are setup when RREP travels along the reverse path Represents a link on the forward path
23 Data Delivery in AODV Y DATA Z S E A B H C I G F K J M D N L Routing table entries used to forward data packet. Route is not included in packet header.
24 Timeouts o A rou7ng table entry maintaining a reverse path is purged aler a 7meout interval n 7meout should be long enough to allow RREP to come back o A rou7ng table entry maintaining a forward path is purged if not used for a acgve_route_gmeout interval n if no data is being sent using a par7cular rou7ng table entry, that entry will be deleted from the rou7ng table (even if the route may actually s7ll be valid)
25 Link Failure Repor4ng o A neighbor of node X is considered ac7ve for a rou7ng table entry if the neighbor sent a packet within acgve_route_gmeout interval which was forwarded using that entry o When the next hop link in a rou7ng table entry breaks, all ac7ve neighbors are informed o Link failures are propagated by means of Route Error messages, which also update des7na7on sequence numbers
26 ZigBee Implementa4on of AODV o Rou7ng Table n Des2na2on Address: 16- bit network address of the des7na7on n Next- hop Address: 16- bit network address of next hop towards des7na7on n Entry Status: One of Ac7ve, Discovery or Inac7ve o Rou7ng Discovery Table n RREQID Unique ID (sequence number) given to every RREQ message being broadcasted n Source Address: Network address of the ini7ator of the route request n Sender Address: Network address of the device that sent the most recent lowest cost RREQ n Forward Cost: The accumulated path cost from the RREQ originator to the current device n Residual Cost: The accumulated path cost from the current device to the RREQ des7na7on
27 RREQ Transmission
28 Route Set Up
29 Rou4ng Cost o The cost for path P composed of L- 1 links is defined as: o ZigBee standards suggests the following form for the cost of the generic link l o P l is the packet recep7on rate over link l
30 What About Mul4- Hop Beacons? o In Tree tolpologies beacons must be sychronized all the way to avoid hidden node problem. SuperFrame A C D B Beacon Interval o Requirement: n Avoid collision with neighboring nodes and parents of neighboring nodes
31 Network Layer: Frame format 16 bit Addresses 2 Bytes 2 Bytes 2 Bytes 1 Byte 1 Byte Variabile FRAME CONTROL Destination Address Source Address Broadcast Radius Broadcast Sequence Number FRAME PAYLOAD Routing NWK Header NWK Payload Frame Type, route discovery indication Max Hop count
32 ZigBee Applica4on Profiles o Needs: n A common language for exchanging data n A well defined set of processing ac7ons n Device interoperability across different manufacturers n Simplicity and reliability for the end users o Profile Defini7on (9 Profile Libraries Currently Specified) n A set of devices required in the applica7on area n A set of clusters to implement the func7onality o A set of anributes to represent device state o A set of commands to enable the communica7on n Specifica7on of which clusters are required by which devices n Specific func7onal descrip7on for each device
33 Profile Components o o o o o E.g.: Personal Health Care Profile Data Collec7on Unit n The Data Collec7on Unit (DCU) gathers the data from the different on- body medical and non- medical devices and delivers it to a gateway. Electrocardiograph n This is a device that records and measures the electrical ac7vity of the heart over 7me. Pulse Monitor n A pulse monitor measures a proxy value for the heart rate. Sphygmomanometer n A sphygmomanometer (blood pressure meter) is a device that measures the blood pressure. Heart rate monitor Data collection unit Blood pressure monitor Nurses station
34 Profiles Snapshot security HVAC AMR lighting control access control patient monitoring fitness monitoring security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation ZigBee 3D vision Support mobile gaming, location-based services, secure mobile payments, mobile advertising, billing, mouse keyboard joystick asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt Smart energy mgt TV VCR DVD/CD remote
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