A Hybrid Topology based Multicast Routing for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

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1 A Hybrid Topology based Multicast Routing for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks Daewook Shin, Jaebeom Kim, and Young-Bae Ko Department of Computer Engineering Graduate School of Ajou University Suwon, Republic of Korea {daeuky, kimjaebum, Abstract Multicast routing, which disseminates traffic to several requesters simultaneously in a single transmission, has been widely utilized in mobile ad hoc networks. However, the performance of multicast routing can be constrained in cognitive radio ad hoc networks due to the channel instability caused by a primary user activity. To overcome this problem, we propose a hybrid topology based multicast routing, shortly called HyTopCast. Our HyTopCast utilizes available channel list and channel status information to make more stable multicast tree establishment and mesh topology based multicast route repair. The performance evaluation is conducted by OPNET simulator and HyTopCast shows the better performance than previous research in terms of packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay. Keywords Mobile Ad Hoc Network; Cognitive Radio; Hybrid Topology; Multicasting; Multicast Route Repair I. INTRODUCTION Recent years have witnessed explosive increase in various social mobile communication services such as group chatting, voice streaming, multiplayer gaming, and video conferencing [1]. To support these group-based communication and networking services, multicast routing protocols are employed to deliver data traffic toward multiple requesters in a single transmission. As a result, several multicast routing protocols have been extensively researched not only in single-hop but also in multi-hop wireless networks. One promising application of utilizing multicast routing is in the area of cognitive radio [2]. The cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) have been significantly considered these days to support effective multihop communication utilizing multiple channels [3]. In ad hoc networks, a secondary user (SU) cannot utilize high quality frequency band that is exclusively allocated to a primary user (PU). In CRAHNs, however, SU can temporally employ the band in absence of PU. Nevertheless, intelligent technology is additionally needed since SU still has some limitations caused by PU activity. To effectively exploit cognitive radio, a device in CRAHNs is generally equipped with several network interface cards that utilize the multiple channel. By using this device, it is possible to efficiently support routing management in highly dynamic environment. In CRAHNs, many cognitive radio aware routing protocols have been proposed, but most of them focus on unicast communication [2]. Novel multicast routing algorithms are also required in CRAHNS to support group-based communication. However, it is difficult to directly adapt the traditional ad hoc multicast routing protocol to CRAHNs due to channel dynamicity. Even though some of the researchers do research on the multicast routing protocol for CRAHNs [4][5], the multicast routing in CRAHNs still pose various problems such as fragile and unreliable network connectivity. To support a stable multicast communication in CRAHNs, we propose a Hybrid Topology based multicast routing for CRAHNs (HyTopCast). HyTopCast consists of a tree based stable multicast group establishment and a mesh topology based fast multicast route repair. To construct the stable multicast route, each SU exchanges available channel list and channel stability level. Using these information, SU can efficiently construct a stable multicast tree and counteract rapidly the disconnection of multicast route cause by appearance of PU. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review the related works, and in Section 3, we describe the proposed HyTopCast protocol in detail. Then, Section 4 presents how our simulation study using OPNET was conducted and how much performance improvement was made by our HyTopCast, compared to the existing CoCast protocol [5]. Finally, we conclude and provide our thoughts on future works in Section 5. II. RELATED WORK On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol, well known as ODMRP [6] is one of the most popular ad hoc multicast routing protocol that employs a mesh based multicast group instead of a tree to provide higher reliability. It relies on periodic network wide flooding for mesh based multicast group establishment and maintenance by using two types of control message including Join Query and Join Reply. If a multicast group leader has the multicast traffics to transmit, it periodically broadcasts Join Query toward the solicited multicast group members who want to receive the multicast traffics. When the Join Query arrives at the solicited multicast group members, they generate a Join Reply toward the multicast group leader. The Join Reply piggybacks all the way back to the multicast group leader following the reverse path. The immediate nodes on the path are nominated as a forwarding group node, which has a responsibility for forwarding multicast traffic, constructing a mesh, based multicast group. Periodic multicast group maintenance and data forwarding through mesh based multicast group accomplish a reliable communication and robustness. Almasaeid, H. M. and et al. studied the effect of channel switching on the multicast routing performance in wireless mesh

2 network, named OMRA [4]. Authors have found the problem of assisted multicast scheduling, and proposed an on-demand multicast routing algorithm based on dynamic programming for a channel assignment and routing problem. OMRA is composed of two parts; the first is depending on the assistance of multicast receivers in delivering multicast data to other receivers, while the second is network coding based. OMRA tries to jointly find a route to the gateway and allocate channels along that route to minimize the end-to-end delay. Numerical results shows the superiority of OMRA over other algorithms. Kim, W. and et al. proposed a novel cognitive radio multicast routing protocol, called CoCast [5], to improve the scalability of traditional ODMRP multicasting protocol in the cognitive radio networks. CoCast finds empty channel in ISM bands by utilizing cognitive radio technology instead of scanning the licensed bands. By scanning ISM bands, CoCast detects which channel is available or in low traffic among multiple channels. Then, CoCast dynamically switches channels to achieve better load balance. Although CoCast s multicast group establishment procedure is based on ODMRP, CoCast constructs multicast tree to reduce duplicated packet while ODMRP constructs mesh based forwarding group node to provide robustness of multicast traffic during transmitting multicast traffic. However, ODMRP is not suitable for CRAHNs because it suffers from channel dynamicity caused by avoiding PU activity. It highly rises packet overheads due to duplicated packet traveling through multiple routes, thus, there would be needed for solving packet overheads during multicast group establishment and maintenance. Moreover, OMRA and CoCast cannot properly counteract the multicast route disconnection caused by the channel fluctuation. Thus, a usage of these researches in CRAHNs decreases stability of multicast group and reliability of multicast communication. WCETT is proposed by Draves et al. to reduce the number of nodes on the path of a flow that transmit on the same channel [7]. It counts the maximum number of times that the same channel appears along a path and captures the interference of a path since it gives low weights to paths that have more diversified channel assignments on their link. An additional consideration is needed because the channel fluctuation is not respected in WCETT. To provide the stable multicast group construction, HyTopCast measures channel stability and diversity of a node, and appends the measured value to WCETT. III. PROPOSED SCHEME HyTopCast consists of two main schemes including stable tree based multicast group establishment and mesh topology based multicast route repair. For scanning and switching channel in Layer 2, HyTopCast utilizes cross-layered architecture proposed in CG-OSLR [8]. A. Tree topology based multicast group formation HyTopCast constructs a tree based multicast group to reduce the redundant overhead generated by mesh based multiple group in ODMRP. HyTopCast only allows non-duplicated Join Query to construct the tree based multicast group. In addition, to find stable multicast forwarding nodes in the network, HyTopCast extends WCETT considering channel stability and diversity of the node (WCETTns). WCETTns value can be obtained as follows, 1 where α is constant and n is the number of channels. is the number of channel switching during a measurement duration, described as interval. WCETTns value is exchanged by including in Join Query and Join Reply. A node who receives Join Query from the neighbors compares WCETTns value before destroying the duplicated Join Query. The upstream node who sends the best value is selected as a reverse path for Join Reply. In addition to WCETTns, the current channel list is also exchanged using Join Query and Join Reply. HyTopCast additionally maintains two types of the neighbor table such as the routing table, and MultiCast Neighbor Table (MCNT), which newly proposed in HyTopCast. The routing table in ODMRP does not manage neighbor information such as current channel list, the direction of Join Query and Join Reply, and WCETTns. Moreover, the entries of the routing table is only updated upon receiving Join Query. HyTopCast, therefore, newly proposes MCNT to efficiently manage the neighbor information and help constructing the stable multicast route. MCNT is periodically updated whenever receiving Join Query and Join Reply without generating an additional control messages to exchange the neighbor information. MCNT consists of five entries such as neighbor identifier, multicast group address, channel list, link metric and direction. Neighbor identifier is the previous hop s identifier, e.g. IP address, MAC address or the node name. Multicast group address means the multicast group address written in Join Query and Join Reply. Channel list is the neighbor s current channel list allocated at each interfaces. It is utilized to determine whether the multicast route towards neighbor is still connected or not. Link metric means the WCETTns value. Direction presents the neighbor s location including Uplink and Downlink. B. Mesh topology based, fast multicast route repair HyTopCast provides the mesh topology based multicast route repair. HyTopCast immediately disseminates a new control packet named Alternative Forwarding Node Selection Message, shortly described as AFNS-MSG, upon detecting the multicast route disconnection. AFNS-MSG takes a role that rapidly notify the disconnection of multicast route to neighbors. AFNS-MSG includes six components as shown in Table 1, including node ID, direction, multicast group address, upstream node s channel list (U-CL), downstream node s channel list (D- CL) and own channel list (O-CL). Node ID is a unique identifier TABLE I. ALTENATIVE FORWARINDG NODE SELECTION MESSAGE FORMAT Alternative Forwarding Node Selection Message Node ID (48bit) U-CL (n) D-CL (n) O-CL (24bit) Direction (2bit) Node identifier (MAC address, etc) Upstream node s channel list (s) Downstream node s channel list (s) Own channel list (s) Disconnection direction (U:uplink / D:downlink / B:both) *(n): The size is variable depending on the number of neighbors and prefix 1

3 (a) Multicast route disconnection (b) Dissemination of AFNS-MSG (c) Mesh based route repair Fig. 1. Example of multicast route repair of HyTopCast when an uplink is disconnected of the node, such as IP address, MAC address or node name. Multicast Group Address means the multicast address of the group which the node joins in. U-CL is the channel list of the upstream node and D-CL is channel list of the downstream node. O-CL is the currently utilized channel list of AFNS-MSG sender node. Direction represents the direction of disconnected multicast route. This value can be composed to UPLINK and DOWNLINK. If both uplink and downlink are broken simultaneously, the direction field is written as BOTH. Some information such as U-CL, D-CL, and Direction can be obtained from MCNT. The repair procedure of the disconnected multicast route in HyTopCast begins as disseminating AFNS-MSG. When a multicast group member detects the some change in own (a) Multicast route disconnection (b) Mesh based repair Fig. 2. Example of multicast route repair when both uplink and downlink are disconnected channel state due to PU activity, the node broadcasts AFNS- MSG immediately toward neighbors to notify the change. When the neighbor nodes receive AFNS-MSG, they can recognize the change on AFNS-MSG sender side. If they perceive the multicast route disconnection through comparing the channel lists of AFNS-MSG and channel list in their own MCNT, they participate in multicast forwarding group to forward multicast traffic. As a result, the mesh topology based multicast route is constructed because of multiple forwarding group nodes. However, not all of neighbors who receives AFNS-MSG participate in multicast forwarding group. To reduce the duplicated traffic generated by multiple forwarding group nodes, the forwarding group node is selectively decided by using WCETTns. The basic mechanism of HyTopCast can be observed in Fig. 1. When Node D in Fig.1(a) is located in PU area and PU utilizes channel 1, multicast route between Node A and D cannot be utilized because Node D have to change own channel from 1 to other. After changing the channel, Node D immediately broadcasts AFNS-MSG towards its neighbor nodes as shown in Fig.1(b). AFNS-MSG includes some information including Node D s newly changed channel information, Node A s channel list, Node G s channel list, and disconnected direction information. When Node B, C, E, F, and G receive Node A s AFNS-MSG, they compare information of AFNS-MSG and their own MCNT entries. Even though all of them detect the route disconnection between Node A and D, only Node B and C can communicate with Node A. As a result, Node B and C become forwarding group node, and the mesh topology based multicast route is created between Node A and D as shown in Fig.1(c). If bi-direction multicast routes are simultaneously disconnected, the multicast route repair process has a few

4 Fig. 3. Performance comparison when the number of multicast group members are increased Fig. 4. Performance comparison when the number of primary users are increased differences compared by the previous situation in Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 2(a), PU1 and PU2 are activated with channel 1 and channel 8 respectively. If Node D changes the channel to avoid PU activity, the multicast route between Node A and Node G, which is penetrating Node D, cannot be utilized. Therefore Node D does not need to have a responsibility to forward the multicast traffic any more. After disseminating AFNS-MSG to notify channel switching, Node D changes its own state to normal after disseminating AFNS-MSG. The neighbor nodes who receive AFNS-MSG decide whether to change their status or not through comparing information of ANFS-MSG and own MCNT. In this case, mesh topology based multicast route is created as shown in Fig.2(b). IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION We have implemented our HyTopCast and the existing CoCast using OPNET version In our simulation scenario, each node is equipped with three IEEE g radio interfaces, which can use 16 channels within 2.4GHz frequency band. The data rate of each interface is set to 6Mb/s that is the lowest data rate of the IEEE g to simulate tactical domain devices [5] and maximum transmission range is set to 250m. 49 mobile devices are deployed in 1700m 1700m area. In the network, 2 multicast group leaders send 1Mb/s CBR traffics. Performance evaluation is made in two types of environment. For validating an operation of CoCast and HyTopCast, we firstly evaluate them in grid topology where nodes have no mobility, and then, we utilize a randomly deployed topology where nodes move at 0-3m/s with Random Waypoint mobility model. The α value in (1) set to 0.5 to equally consider channel stability and channel diversity. Simulation time is 600 seconds and PU activity in a channel is 30%, meaning that PU is activated during 180 seconds randomly within entire simulation time. A. Result for varying the number of multicast group members In the first set of evaluation, we analyze the transmission reliability and delay when the number of multicast group members increases from 8 to 40 with 2 PUs in grid topology. Fig. 3(a) shows the packet delivery ratio of CoCast and HyTopCast. As the number of multicast group members increase, the network reliability decreases due to increase in the number of nodes who are affected by PU. When there are more than 16 members, the packet delivery ratio of CoCast decreases rapidly whereas the packet delivery ratio of HyTopCast more slowly decreases than CoCast because HyTopCast does not need to wait the next control message, which generates to maintain the multicast route. Fig. 3(b) shows comparison in terms of endto-end delay. Even though HyTopCast gives a better network

5 Fig. 5. Performance comparison when the number of multicast group leaders are increased performance than CoCast, the improvement rate of delay is not much larger than reliability. In aspects of end-to-end delay, the reason of less improvement is that HyTopCast cannot consider multiple disconnections of multicast route, which occur when several PUs are activated in the network simultaneously. B. Result for varying the number of primary users In the second set of evaluation, 16 multicast group members receive the multicast traffic respectively in grid topology. Fig.4 shows the performance of CoCast and HyTopCast when the number of PUs increases. As shown in Fig. 4(a), as the number of PUs increases, the packet delivery ratio of CoCast and HyTopCast gradually decreases because a PU s influence area becomes broader. The nodes affected by PUs have to change a current channel and then the several multicast groups are disconnected temporarily. In this case, HyTopCast can more rapidly repair multicast group. Thus, the degradation of HyTopCast delivery ratio is less than CoCast. In addition to high reliability, HyTopCast ensures lower end-to-end delay than CoCast as shown in Fig. 4(b). C. Result for varying the number of mutlicast group leaders Here, 4 primary users go into action in randomly deployed topology and other nodes move at 0-3m/s. Fig. 5 shows the performance of CoCast and HyTopCast when the number of multicast group leaders increases, which means the number of sessions. As shown in Fig. 5(a), as the number of multicast group leaders increase, the packet delivery ratio of CoCast and HyTopCast dynamically since the amount of multicast traffic increased. In addition, the tree based multicast route, which is constructed by CoCast and HyTopCast, is fragile due to the lack of forwarding node in mobile environment. Nevertheless HyTopCast provides more reliable communication than CoCast because it establishes mesh topology based forwarding group around disconnected route. Even though HyTopCast gives a better network performance than CoCast, the improvement rate of end-to-end delay is not much larger than reliability. V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we propose an enhanced multicast routing protocol for CRAHNs including tree based stable multicast group establishment and mesh topology based fast multicast route repair. The simulation results show that HyTopCast ensures lower end-to-end delay and higher packet delivery ratio than CoCast. However, end-to-end delay of HyTopCast is not much enhanced compared to CoCast because HyTopCast cannot properly deal with multiple multicast route disconnection caused by simultaneous activity of several PUs. In the future, to enhance the performance of HyTopCast in various scenario, we will solve this problem and measure an effect of α in (1) additionally. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2012R1A1B ) and the MSIP(Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning), Korea, under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) support program supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA (H )) REFERENCES [1] L. Junhai, Y. Danxia, and X. Liu, "A survey of multicast routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 11, No.1, pp.78-91, [2] M. Cesana, F. Cuomo, and E. Ekici, "Routing in cognitive radio networks: Challenges and solutions." Ad Hoc Networks, Vol.9, No.3, pp , [3] I.F. Akyildiz, W.Y. Lee, and K.R. Chowdhury, "CRAHNs: Cognitive radio ad hoc networks." Ad Hoc Networks, Vol.7, No.5, pp , [4] H.M. Almasaeid, T.H. Jawadwala, and A.E. Kamal, "On-demand multicast routing in cognitive radio mesh networks." GLOBECOM, IEEE, [5] W. Kim, S.Y. Oh, M. Gerla, and J.S. Park, "CoCast: multicast mobile ad hoc networks using cognitive radio." MILCOM, IEEE, [6] Y. Yi, S.J. Lee, W. Su and M. Gerla, "On-demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) for ad hoc networks." draft-yi-manet-odmrp-00. txt (2003). [7] R. Draves, J. Padhye, and B. Zill, "Routing in multi-radio, multi-hop wireless mesh networks." MobiCom. ACM, [8] J. Kim, D. Shin, and Y.B. Ko, A Cross-layer Enhancement of Geographical OLSR for MIMC-based Tactical Ad Hoc Networks, IWCLD, 2013

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