E-ODMRP: Enhanced ODMRP with Motion Adaptive Refresh
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1 E-: Enhanced with Motion Adaptive Refresh Soon Y. Oh, Joon-Sang Park, and Mario Gerla Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles {soonoh, jspark, Abstract On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol () is a multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Its efficiency, simplicity, and robustness to mobility renders it one of the most widely used MANET multicast protocols. At the heart of the s robustness is the periodic route refreshing. rebuilds the data forwarding mesh on a fixed short interval. The route refresh interval has critical impact on protocol overhead and thus efficiency. If it is too high, the network will undergo too much routing overhead wasting valuable resources. If it is too low, cannot keep up with network dynamics. In this paper, we present an enhancement of with refresh rate dynamically adapted to the environment. An additional enhancement is unified local recovery and receiver joining. On joining or upon detection of a broken route, a node performs an expanding ring search to graft to the forwarding mesh. Simulation results show that the Enhanced (E- ) reduces overhead by up to 9% yet keeping similar packet delivery ratio compared to the original. Keywords MANET, Multicast, Routing, Simulation. I. Introduction Ad hoc multicast routing is a key enabling technology for Pervasive Computing. In a ubiquitous, pervasive communications environment a mobile node, say pedestrian, car or unmanned vehicle will elect to interact at different times with different sets of neighboring nodes that are just right for the job. For instance, a car looking for a parking spot in a busy urban area may contact a subset of cars that are also looking for parking and put itself in a distributed queue, waiting for any hint about a free spot and a nod that it is its turn. Or, a student on a Campus may try to reach neighbors interested in giving him/her a ride to town. It is easy to see how these situations will lead to many-to-many opportunistic multicast groups which dynamically form, grow and dissolve once a goal is achieved. These multicast communications episodes are all examples of pervasive communications, where the term pervasive refers to the fact that all the neighbors that possess a given property are contacted, opportunistically, without prior arrangement. Multicast routing protocols developed for MANETs operate in an on demand fashion. Information is exchanged only when it is needed. In general, on demand routing protocols regardless of their service type employ two-way handshaking to find a path between a sender and receiver pair. The sender floods the network with a Route Request packet and the receiver respond with a Route Reply. To limit the scope (and overhead) of flooding, local recovery schemes are introduced. Namely, an alternative route to the destination is searched upon detection of the disconnection. Adaptive Demand-Driven Multicast Routing (ADMR) [5] and Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector protocol (MAODV) [9] are two examples of on demand multicast protocol following this approach. They first build a multicast tree between a source and receivers and on detection of broken link try first try to repair locally. Another popular on demand multicast routing protocol, On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol () relies instead on periodic floods for route discovery and maintenance. This design is intended to ensure robustness against mobility and unreliable wireless link propagation. periodically reconstructs the forwarding mesh on a fixed short interval. Thus the route refresh interval is one of the most important performance parameters since it has critical impact on the protocol overhead and thus efficiency. If it is too high, it wastes valuable resources such as channel bandwidth and if it is too low, it cannot keep up with network dynamics. In this paper we present E- an enhanced version of with adaptive refresh. Adaptation is driven by receivers reports. The second enhancement is the unified (i.e., combined) local recovery and receiver joining scheme. As the time between refresh episodes can be quite long, a new node or a momentarily detached node might loose some data while waiting for the route to it to be refreshed and reconstructed. Upon joining or upon detection of broken route, a node performs an expanding ring search to proactively attach itself to forwarding mesh or to requests a global route refresh from the source. Compared to, a slightly lower packet delivery ratio might be expected in E- in light load since the new scheme uses packet loss as indicator of a broken link. The major advantage is reduced overhead (by up to 9%) which translates into a better delivery rate at high loads. Several other MANET multicast routing protocols have also been proposed in the literature. Similar to, the Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol (CAMP) [3] uses a mesh. The protocol introduces core nodes to reduce control traffic incurred by newly joining nodes. An underlying unicast routing protocol is required for CAMP to operate. The Reservation-Based Multicast (RBM) routing protocol [2] is a combination of multicast, resource reservation, and admission control protocol where users specify
2 requirements and constraints. It builds a core based tree for each multicast group. The Lightweight Adaptive Multicast (LAM) algorithm [4] is a group shared tree based protocol also using the core node concept. Similar to other corebased protocols, it suffers from disadvantages of traffic concentration and vulnerability to core failure. The Adhoc Multicast Routing Protocol (AMRoute) [7] is also a sharedtree protocol which allows dynamic core migration based on group membership and network configuration. The Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol utilizing Increasing id-numbers (ARMIS) [2] builds a shared-tree to deliver multicast data. Each node in the multicast session is assigned an ID number and it adapts to connectivity changes by utilizing the ID numbers. Most of these latter options require an underlying unicast routing schemes. They provide good performance and even performance guarantees in static environments. However, they are not appeared to be well suited to the very dynamic, short lived pervasive computing scenarios. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II describes our protocol; Section III presents simulation results, and; Section IV concludes the paper. II. Enhancing In this section we extend for mobility adaptive refresh. First we review the original briefly and then describe details of the enhancement. A. Overview of Similar to on-demand unicast routing protocols, Query and Reply phases make up the protocol. While a source has packets to send, it periodically broadcasts a member-soliciting packet, called Join Query. Upon receiving a non-duplicate Join Query packet, every node in the network stores the upstream node address (i.e., reverse path learning) into the route table and rebroadcasts the packet to its neighbor nodes. When the Join Query packet reaches a multicast receiver, the receiver creates and broadcasts a Join Reply to its neighbors. This Join Reply packet is relayed all the way back to the source following the learned reverse path and the nodes on the reverse path become the forwarding group. Data is delivered by the forwarding group nodes. They rebroadcast the non-duplicate packets destined to the associated multicast group so that it can be propagated toward the receivers. For example, if the group consists of only two nodes (sender and receiver), flags nodes along the shortest (delay) path as forwarding nodes. These nodes will then deliver packets from source to destination virtually implementing unicast routing as a special case of multicast. More formally, the forwarding group is the set of nodes responsible for forwarding multicast data, essentially forming a mesh structure between all senders and receivers. In, a soft-state approach maintains multicast group members; no explicit control message is required to join or leave the group. B. Enhanced Same as the original, a forwarding mesh structure is built between sources and receivers of a multicast group by the two-way handshaking. Sources flood Join Query packets and receivers respond with Join Reply packets. When a new source has data to transmit to a multicast group, it starts with flooding the entire network with the first data packet piggybacking the control/signaling information. We refer to the first data packet as the Join Query packet for convenience hereafter. The source broadcasts a Join Query and upon reception of the first, non duplicate, Join Query packet, nodes set pointers to their upstream nodes and rebroadcast it. Once the Join Query reaches a receiver, the receiver sends Join Reply packets towards the source. The Reply is relayed by the intermediate nodes all the way to the source following the pointers set when the Join Query was propagated. By this way the forwarding mesh is constructed. When a receiver wants to join a multicast group, it performs an expanding ring search to graft onto the existing forwarding group. The receiver broadcasts a Receiver Join packet first with Time-To-Live (TTL) set to. Any forwarding group member or multicast group member that receives the packet should reply with Receiver Join Reply. Any node not a member of the forwarding or multicast group rebroadcasts with TTL decreased by one when TTL allows, i.e., larger than zero. The receiver can receive multiple Receiver Join Reply packets from multiple nodes in the forwarding group. The receiver chooses one of the nodes and sends Receiver Join ACK packet to it. If the grafting process fails with the TTL, i.e., there is no Receiver Join Reply in return, the receiver increases TTL and repeats the process. If it repeatedly fails until upper limit of TTL, say 4, is reached, the receiver floods a Refresh Request packet. Sources, if exist, will receive the packet and refresh the multicast forwarding group by flooding with a Join Query packet. For the case when multiple receivers issue Refresh Request floods, a node should relay only one of such packets in a time frame, i.e., minimum refresh time, to avoid unnecessary network wide refreshes. Source node Forwarding nodes Receiver nodes Receiver Join Receiver Join Reply Receiver Join Ack
3 Figure. Illustration of receiver join/local recovery process. (Dotted circles denote the same distances.) Source node Forwarding nodes Receiver nodes Data flow Figure 2. Forwarding mesh updated as result of receiver join process shown in Figure. An intermediate node or receiver can be disconnected from the mesh due to mobility. For unicast transmission, detection of broken route is fairly easy. If a node does not return an ACK, the link incident on the node is considered to be broken. But in multicast, link break should be detected in different ways since MAC broadcast has no ACK. ADMR monitors the traffic to detect malfunctioning links. We take a similar approach. Assuming that traffic is frequent enough to serve as indicator for any route break, each source estimates its own inter packet arrival time and informs receivers by recording it in Join Query packets. If a receiver does not receive any data during a multiple of the packet arrival interval, the node considers itself to be detached from the mesh and performs the recovery procedure. In E-, when disconnection is detected, only receivers perform the recovery process. The recovery process is the same as the receiver join process. Intermediate nodes do not try to recover when disconnected. The reason is to keep the protocol simple. If the expanding ring search fails, flooding occurs. The multicast source adjusts its Join Query flooding rate when it receives the flooded Refresh Request packets. In the flooded Refresh Request packet, an estimate of the route time to live is stored. The multicast source changes the rate to the inverse of time to live and floods a Join Query packet. The rationale is that E- should refresh the forwarding mesh before it breaks. The time to live estimate is recorded by the initiator of the Receiver Join flood and is the time difference between the two events: the last Join Query reception and detection of the route breakage. A sender linearly increments, say by the minimum refresh interval, the refresh timer if the rate is not adjusted by the reception of a Refresh Request packet. In essence, this is a linear increase, sudden decrease refresh scheme where the sender attempts to reduce O/H by slowing down the refresh updates. If there are multiple sources in a multicast group, receivers keep a table with active sources. If a receiver detects timeout on ALL Senders in its table, it tries to reconnects to the mesh. Most likely, it has become detached from the net. If the receiver times out on a subset of Senders (but not all), it does nothing. This situation is detected and recovered by the senders. If a sender times out on ALL other senders, it assumes it has become detached and performs the Join Query flood. If the sender times out on a subset of the Senders, it assumes the network has become partitioned. The highest number sender in the partition is responsible for issuing the Join Query. This will suffice to repair the mesh. If a source detects that the multicast session has terminated (for example, by monitoring the application), it then sends to the multicast receivers an explicit disconnection message, Source Stop, to advice them not to attempt any local recovery. The packet clears all the states associated with its sender. E- augments s soft-state approach with an explicit turning-off mechanism. The soft-state generally refers to a state maintenance technique based on expiration and refresh. Unless refreshed, a state expires after a certain amount of time without any explicit turn-off notification. In E-, the forwarding group flag state is controlled by explicit on/off messages as well as refresh/expiration mechanism. The forwarding group flag state on a node is set when it receives a Join Reply packet or Receiver Join ACK packet and expires after a certain amount of time. Also it can be explicitly turned off by the Source Stop message. III. Simulation results In this section, we study the performance of E- and compare it to. To this end, we implemented the details of E- in Qualnet [] and conducted a set of simulations. Simulation settings are as follows: nodes randomly distributed over 2mx8m field; multicast group with source and 2 receivers; traffic with constant bit rate traffic of 4 packet/sec and 52B/packet; 3 seconds of simulation time. We use two metrics: Packet Delivery Ratio is the fraction of packets received average over all receivers; is the total number of control packets transmitted by all nodes. All numbers are the averaged value over runs. The Random Waypoint mobility model was used. Figure 3 and 4 illustrates E- s performance in various mobility scenarios and its comparison to. The pause time varied from to 5 seconds with fixed maximum node speed of 2m/sec. There was source and 2 receivers. As predicted, E- degrades (but only minimally) the delivery ratio of while dramatically reducing the control overhead. Networks running E- experienced over 85% reduction in control
4 overhead E- Figure 3. ( group, source, 2 receivers, 2 m/sec maximum speed) 2 flat. In the original, as the number of receivers gets larger, Join Reply transmissions increase rapidly whereas E- s control packet increases very slowly since the number of Join Reply transmissions is inherently small when the refresh interval grows large. Although not reported here in a graph, the packet delivery ratios of the two schemes were close to each other regardless of the receiver number. Figure 6 presents E- performance with various maximum node speeds. The maximum node speed varied from m/sec (36 km/hr) to 3 m/sec (8 km/hr) and pause time was sec. Interestingly, E- outperforms in high mobility cases. In Figure 6, s and E- s packet delivery ratios decrease by slightly different factor with increasing max node speed and there is a crossing point at 2 m/sec. The overhead reduction for different node speed is similar to what was previously observed, typically over 85%, regardless of node speed E E- Figure 4. ( group, source, 2 receivers, 2 m/sec maximum speed) Maximum Node Speed (m/sec) E Number of Receivers Figure 6. with varying Speed ( group, source, 2 receiver, sec pause time) Figure 7 presents E- s performance in a saturated network scenario, in which a source sends forty data packets a second, each packet of 64B. With this high data rate, routing overhead really affects deliver ratio. As expected, E- works better, around 5 points higher delivery ratio, than. E- maintained the control packet overhead around 85 % less than all the time similar to other scenarios. Figure 5. Number of Control Packet with Varying Number of Receiver ( group, source, sec pause time, 2m/sec maximum speed) Figure 5 compares E- s and s control overhead with varying number of receivers. The number of control packets generated by increases linearly in the receiver number, but in E- case the slope is near
5 5 E- IV. Conclusions Figure7. with High Data Rate: group, source, 2 receivers, 2 m/sec maximum speed. Figure 8 and 9 illustrate E- s performance in a multiple-source scenario, 3 sources in the multicast group. E- shows better packet delivery ratio, 3~4 % higher, than in Figure 8. This comes from the E- s lower control overhead. The control packet overhead reduction, 9% as shown in Figure 9, is more prominent than pervious single-source scenarios E- Figure 8. with Multiple Sources ( group, 3 sources, 2 receivers, 2 m/sec maximum speed) E- In this paper, we have presented an enhanced version of with motion adaptive refresh. E- performs the periodic refresh at a rate that is dynamically adapted to the nodes mobility. It also performs unified local recovery. Namely, on joining or upon detecting a broken route, a node performs an expanding ring search to graft to the forwarding mesh. Simulation results show that E- reduces overhead by up to 9% yet keeping the same packet delivery ratio as the original. Indirect comparison of E- with ADMR also shows that E- outperforms AMDR. Implementation of E- in ns-2 is ongoing for direct, more accurate comparison with ADMR. References [] C.-C. Chiang, M. Gerla, and L. Zhang. Forwarding Group Multicast Protocol (FGMP) for Multihop, Mobile Wireless Networks. Baltzer Cluster Computing, vol., no. 2, 998. [2] M. Corson and S. Batsell, A Reservation-Based Multicast (RBM) Routing Protocol for Mobile Networks: Initial route Construction Phase. ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks, vol., no. 4, 995. [3] J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves and E. Madruga. The Core Assisted Mesh Protocol. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 7, no. 8, 999. [4] L. Ji and M. Corson. A Lightweight Adaptive Multicast Algorithm. In Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM, 998. [5] J. Jetcheva and D. Johnson. Adaptive Demand-Driven Multicast Routing Protocol in Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc networks. In Proceedings of MobiHoc, 2. [6] S. Lee, W. Su, and M. Gerla. On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol in Multihop Wireless Mobile Networks. ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks and Applications, 2. [7] M. Liu, R. Talpade, and A. McAuley. Amroute: Adhoc multicast routing protocol. Technical Report TR 99-, CSHCN, 999. [8] Network Simulator ns-2. [9] E. Royer and C. Perkins. Multicast Operation of the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol. In Proceedings of MobiCom, 999. [] Scalable Networks Inc. QualNet. [] P. Sinha, R. Sivakumar, and V. Bharghavan. MCEDAR : Multicast Core-Enxtraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing. In Proceedings of IEEE WCNC, 999. [2] C. Wu, Y. Tay, and C. Toh. AMRIS : A Multicast Protocol for Ad hoc Wireless Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE MILCOM, 999. Figure. 9 Number of Control Packet with Multiple Sources ( group, 3 sources, 2 receivers, 2 m/sec maximum speed)
E-ODMRP:Enhanced ODMRP with Motion. Adaptive Refresh
E-ODMRP:Enhanced ODMRP with Motion Adaptive Refresh Soon Y. Oh a,, Joon-Sang Park b, Mario Gerla a a Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095,USA b Department
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