Communication Networks

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1 Communication Networks Chapter 5 Interconnection of Networks Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 172 Overview 1. Repeater 2. Hub 4. Switch 5. Router 6. Gateway Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 173 Prof. Jochen Seitz 1

2 Interconnection of Networks Interconnection on Different Layers Layer1: Repeater Hub Layer2: Bridge Switch Layer3: Router Layer 3: Gateway OSI Reference Model 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Repeater Repeater (1) A repeater receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances [Wikipedia] Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 175 Prof. Jochen Seitz 2

3 1. Repeater Repeater (2) Amplifying and/or regeneration of transmitted data Coupling of network segments Number of repeaters usually limited (Example CSMA/CD) Repeater No load separation Partitioning of bandwidth Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Hub Hub (1) A network hub or repeater hub a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together making them act as a single network segment a form of multiport repeater [Wikipedia] Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 177 Prof. Jochen Seitz 3

4 2. Hub Hub (2) Regeneration of transmitted data Physical decoupling of links Higher reliability Hub No load separation Partitioning of bandwidth Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 178 Bridge Connects multiple network segments at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model Layer 2 switch very often used interchangeably with bridge Traffic from one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcast to adjacent network segments In Ethernet networks, a device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard The term "switch" originated in marketing literature [Wikipedia] Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 179 Prof. Jochen Seitz 4

5 Bridge Destination address analysis (on Data Link Layer) Definition of subnetworks Traffic only forwarded if receiver is not in the same subnetwork Subnetwork 1 Subnetwork 2 Bridge Load decoupling between subnetworks Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 180 Example: WLAN Access Point Couple wireless LAN with Ethernet WLAN WLAN Access Point Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 181 Prof. Jochen Seitz 5

6 Source Routing Bridge Originally defined for the Token Ring Much of the bridging functions are performed by the end systems: Routing Information Field (RIF) contains the series of bridges and network segments to be used for delivering the packet to its destination For determining the correct RIF, a broadcast packet makes the bridges on the way to the receiver add their ID Results are returned to the sender Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Bridge Transparent Bridging Bridge listens promiscuously to each packet transmitted If destination of the packet is at some other port of the bridge, the bridge stores the packet and transparently forwards it to the destination segment The bridge learns the addresses by remembering the sender address of the packets Topology must not contain loops Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 183 Prof. Jochen Seitz 6

7 Spanning Tree Algorithm Determine a loop-free tree-based topology if many transparent bridges are used Configuration Bridge Protocol Data Unit One bridge is the root bridge (the one with the smallest ID) Each bridge calculates the shortest distance to the root bridge In a segment, the bridge with the shortest distance to the root bridge becomes the designated bridge Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 184 Spanning Tree Algorithm 3 Root Bridge A B 24 D BP C E 4 F BP 5 7 = Root Port = Designated Port BP = Blocked Port Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 185 Prof. Jochen Seitz 7

8 TRILL "Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links" IETF RFC 6325 Routing Bridges (RBridges): Base Protocol Specification Most recent amendment: IETF RFC 8139 Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Appointed Forwarders Combines techniques from bridging and routing RBridges Link state protocol Pairwise optimal paths for unicast Distribution trees for multicast/broadcast Hop-count to avoid infinite looping packets Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 186 Spanning Tree vs. TRILL Communication 7 24 Spanning Tree A 3 Root Bridge B TRILL 24 D BP C E 4 F BP 5 7 = Root Port = Designated Port BP = Blocked Port Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 187 Prof. Jochen Seitz 8

9 4. Switch Switch (1) A network switch (multiport bridge) is a computer networking device that connects network segments. A network bridge processes and routes data at the Data Link Layer (layer 2) of the OSI model Multilayer switches (Layer 3 Switches) additionally process data at the Network layer (layer 3 and above). [Wikipedia] Ethernet switch Atlantis A02-F5P 5 ports Ethernet_switch_Atlantis_A02-F5P_5_ports_backend.jpg Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Switch Switch (2) Separate link for each end node Transmission to the receiver only Broadcast possible Parallel communication associations Used for Ethernet topologies Switch Load decoupling Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 189 Prof. Jochen Seitz 9

10 5. Router Router (1) IP Router Local Network A Switch A Switch B Local Network B IP Router Internet Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Router Router (2) At Home In Core Network / Backbone Source: (visited on November 2016) Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 191 Prof. Jochen Seitz 10

11 5. Router Router Features and Tasks Coupling of local networks on Network Layer to provide communication between end devices of different networks based on routing by means of globally unique, hierarchical network addresses (e.g. IP addresses) requires fragmenting Network Layer PDUs to fit into the segments of Data Link Layer might include security mechanisms to control network access according to the sender or receiver network address (Firewall) End System x End System Y End System Z LAN 1 LAN 2 LAN 3 WAN 1 WAN 2 IP Router 1 IP Router 2 IP Router 3 Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Router Router Architecture Main features: separate Physical Layer / Data Link Layer for each network attached to the router usually one Network Layer protocol entity (e.g. IP entity) stacking of Network Layer protocols possible forwarding based on globally unique Network Layer address control entities for routing and network management Control Entities: Routing Information, Failure/Performance Management,... Data Link Layer Physical Layer Network Layer: Forwarding Data Link Layer Physical Layer Network 1 Network 2 Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 193 Prof. Jochen Seitz 11

12 5. Routier Forwarding and Components Forwarding Decision Datagram Routing new routing decision for each incoming packet Session Routing connection-oriented routing decision during connection establishment all packets belonging to a connection take the same path Components of a Router Network Layer Protocol for forwarding data packets Routing Protocol for exchanging routing information Routing Algorithm to analyze routing information to deduce optimal paths through the network Routing Table to store information about optimal paths Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Router Forwarding Plane and Control Plane Forwarding Plane in Network Layer forwarding of packets (according to routing table) Control Plane in layer above For the exchange of routing control information (Routing PDUs encapsulated in N-PDUs or even in T-PDUs) Routing Information collected and exchanged through routing protocol Routing PDUs Control Plane Routing Algorithm Routing Table Routing PDUs stored in routing table Routing Algorithm updates routing table Data PDUs Forwarding Data PDUs inserts/deletes/modifies routing entries Forwarding Plane based on analyzed routing information Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 195 Prof. Jochen Seitz 12

13 5. Router Processing of Packets Processing of Packet Header Data IP Header Incoming Packets Look for Destination Update Packet Header Packet Buffer Data IP Header Outgoing Packets IP Address of Destination Next Hop Routing Table Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Gateway Gateway A network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols (up to layer 7) devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators to provide system interoperability establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks A protocol translation/mapping gateway to interconnect networks with different network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions Security mechanisms as additional features [Wikipedia] Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 197 Prof. Jochen Seitz 13

14 6. Gateway Examples of Gateways (I) Proxy server server (computer system or application program) acting as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers reduced delay reduced traffic control of user data (?) Firewall device or set of devices configured to permit, deny, encrypt, decrypt, or proxy all (in and out) computer traffic between different security domains based upon a set of rules and other criteria enhanced security access control Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks Gateway Examples of Gateways (II) Interconnection of different networks Public mobile cellular networks gateway to wired infrastructure (Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center GMSC) Internet gateway to Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) for speech information for signaling / addressing for authentication for accounting Plain Old Telephone System Gateway POTS Cellular Network Cell Gateway VoIP - POTS Mobile Phone IP Phone Internet Softphone Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 199 Prof. Jochen Seitz 14

15 References Khosravi, Hormuzd; Anderson, Todd A. (2003): Requirements for Separation of IP Control and Forwarding. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (Request for Comments (RFC), 3654). Perlman, Radia (1999): Interconnections. Bridges, Routers, Switches and Internetworking Protocols. Second Edition. Indianapolis: Addison-Wesley Professional. Perlman, Radia; Eastlake, Donald E., 3rd; Dutt, Dinseh G.; Gai, Silvano; Ghanwani, Anoop (2011): Routing Bridges (RBridges): Base Protocol Specification. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (Request for Comments (RFC), 6325). Seitz, Jochen; Debes, Maik (2016): Kommunikationsnetze. Eine umfassende Einführung. Anwendungen Dienste Protokolle. Ilmenau: Unicopy Campus Edition. Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David J. (2011): Computer Networks. 5th edition. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Communication Networks - 6. Interconnecting Networks 200 Prof. Jochen Seitz 15

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