Chapter-4. Simulation Design and Implementation

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1 Chapter-4 Simulation Design and Implementation In this chapter, the design parameters of system and the various metrics measured for performance evaluation of the routing protocols are presented. An overview of the routing protocols, simulator, and mobility and data traffic models is presented. After this, a detailed description of the performance metrics used for routing protocols evaluation in experimental/simulation design has been discussed. At the end, the configurations for different network parameters and sequential detail procedures to deploy a MANET scenario have been described. The some designed scenario are shown in Appendix-A. 4.1 Routing Protocols Chosen for Simulation Designing of a network scenario plays an important role in a simulation based study. It is equally important to evaluate the performance of the designed network, which is a crucial task for real time applications. Routing protocols is the solution that handles the real time transmission over the designed network. In the present study the different reactive, proactive and hybrid routing protocols have been selected to study and the evaluation on the basis of performance of metrics. The number of proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols namely FSR, LANMAR, Bellman-Ford, RIP, STAR, AODV, DSR, DYMO, DSDV, OLSR, and ZRP were chosen for simulation and evaluation. 32

2 4.2 Simulator-QualNet QualNet simulator is a discrete event simulator which is a commercial version of GloMoSim simulator (QualNet-5.2.PrgrammersGuide) 67. QualNet is widely used for MANET research for creating and animating network scenarios, designing routing protocols, and analyzing the performance. QualNet makes good use of computational resources and provides a way to design new networks with varying traffic and mobility. QualNet Simulator has the following features: i) Fast simulation results for network parameters. ii) Scalable up to reasonable number of nodes. iii) Real-time simulation support. iv) Multi-platform support. QualNet is a comprehensive suite of tools for modeling large wired and wireless networks. It uses simulation and emulation to predict the behavior and performance of networks to improve their design, operation and management (QualNet-5.1-UsersGuide) 68. QualNet enables users to: i) Design new protocol models. ii) Optimize new and existing models. iii) Design large wired and wireless networks using pre-configured or userdesigned models. iv) Analyze the performance of networks and perform what-if analysis to optimize them. 33

3 4.2.1 QualNet Architecture The QualNet architect is shown in Fig QualNet architecture is divided in three components such as kernel, model libraries and graphical user interface. The description of the QulNet architecture components is as follows: Fig. 4.1: QualNet Architecture [69] QualNet Kernel The kernel of QualNet is a, SNT-proprietary, parallel discrete-event scheduler. It provides user friendly environment to run hundreds and thousands of nodes with high-fidelity models on a different platforms, from laptops and desktops to high computing systems. Users can not directly control the kernel. The users are allowed to user QualNet API to develop their protocol models QualNet Model Libraries QualNet includes support for a number of model libraries that enable user to design networks using SNT-developed protocol models. Purchase of QualNet 34

4 includes the Developer Model Library; additional libraries for modeling Wi-Fi networks, mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET), military radios, Wi MAX and cellular models are also available QualNet Graphical User Interface (GUI) QualNet GUI consists of Architect, Analyzer, Packet Tracer, and File Editor. These modes are accessible from the Components Toolbar. i) Architect: Architect is a network design and visualization tool. It has two modes: Design mode and Visualize mode. Design mode: Design mode is used for designing the experiments. Architect enables a user to define the geographical distribution, physical connections and the functional parameters of the network nodes such as set up terrain, network connections, subnets, mobility patterns of wireless users, and other functional parameters of network nodes. Visualize mode: The visualize mode is used for running and visualizing experiments. Architect is used to execute and animate experiments created in the Design mode. Using Architect, a user can watch traffic flow through the network. ii) QualNet Analyzer: It is a QualNet graphical statistics analyzing tool. It displays network statistics generated from a simulation. By using analyzer, a user can view and collect statistical results and subsequently the results from different experiments can compare. iii) Packet Tracer: It provides a visual representation of packet trace files generated during the simulation of a network scenario. iv) File Editor: A text editing tool that displays the contents of the selected file in text format and allows the user to edit files. 35

5 4.2.2 QualNet Protocol Stack Since, The QualNet is having layered architecture just as of the TCP/IP network protocol stack. Within that architecture, data moves between adjacent layers. QualNet's protocol stack consists of the Application, Transport, Network, Link (MAC) and Physical Layers Functioning of Protocol In QualNet, every protocol must implement three functions in the Simulator i.e. Initialization, Event dispatcher, and Finalization. The state transition diagram of general behavior of a protocol is shown in Fig Usual functioning of a QualNet protocol is as follows: i) The protocol begins with an Initial state that initializes the protocol. The code of the initialization state reads external input to configure the state of the protocol and possibly activates timer events for periodic tasks. ii) The control is then passed to an event dispatcher iii) When an event comes in to the protocol s layer, QualNet Simulator determines to which specific protocol it should be directed, and calls the event dispatcher for that protocol. iv) The event dispatcher determines what type of event it is, and calls an appropriate event handler to process it. v) At the end of the simulation, a Finalization function is called for every protocol (at each node), to print out the collected statistics. 36

6 Initial State Event Handler Event1 Event Dispatcher Event2 Event Handler Function Invoked automatically at the end of simulation & Collect and print the statistics Fig. 4.2: State diagram of General Behavior of a QualNet protocol 4.3 Network Simulation and Scenario Design In discrete-event simulation, the simulator maintains an event queue and simulation clock. The simulator operates by continually repeating the following steps till the simulation completed: i) The simulator fetches the first event from the event queue, i.e., the event scheduled for the earliest time. ii) The simulator sets the simulation clock to the event time of the event. This may result in advancing the simulation clock. iii) The simulator handles the event, i.e., it executes the actions associated with the event. This may result in changing the system state, scheduling 37

7 other events, or both. If other events are scheduled, they may be rescheduled to occur at the current time or later. In QualNet, a scenario allows the user to deploy the required network components and different parameters under which the network will operate. This includes simulation time, seed value, terrain details, number of nodes, node placement (random, uniform, file etc.), Mobility (group, random waypoint etc.), fading model, shadowing model, network layers, statistics, wired and wireless network. Most often, a simulation study organized in the following steps: i) Design of simulation scenario. ii) Execute and visualize the designed scenario and iii) Collection of simulation results in form of statistics, animations etc. This general procedure is illustrated in following Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.3: Simulation Procedure Input Files The input files together constitute a scenario description. These files include following files: i).config file: These specify the network scenario and parameters for the simulation. 38

8 ii).nodes file: The.nodes file describe the initial position of nodes in the scenario and it is referenced by the configuration file as the parameter NODE-POSITION-FILE and iii).app file: The.app file denotes the applications executing on the nodes in the designed scenario. The.app files are also referenced by the configuration file as the parameter APP-CONFIG-FILE Output File The primary output file generated by a QualNet simulation run is a statistics file, i.e..stat file. This file contains the statistics collected during the simulation execution. The.stat file created with the same name of experiment running General Simulation Parameters There are different parameters that define the general attributes of the experiment, such as experiment name, simulation time, and seed value for random number generation. The general simulation parameters are shown in Table 4.1 and scenario views are given in appendix-b. Table 4.1: General Simulation Parameters GUI Parameter Version Experiment Name Experiment Comment Simulation Time Seed Scope of GUI Parameter Global Global Global Global Global 39

9 4.3.4 Terrain Specification The terrain specification related parameters define the coordinate system, the terrain size, and the terrain features. Terrain features, such as ground elevation at different points and the dimensions of buildings, affect the strength of signals transmitted by nodes. The scope of coordinate system in terrain area is global Node Placement The different node placement models are available in Qualnet. The details of these models are summarized in Table 4.2. The node placement view is shown in Appendix-B (iii). Table 4.2: Node Placement Models GUI Name FILE Grid Description Model The initial node positions are read from a file. The terrain is divided into a number of squares. One node is placed at each grid point. Random Pedestrian Nodes are placed on the terrain randomly. This node placement model is used with the Pedestrian mobility model Uniform Group The terrain is divided into a number of equal-sized square cells. One node is placed in each cell randomly. This node placement model is used with the Group mobility model 40

10 4.3.6 Mobility and Traffic Models Mobility is an important factor for MANETs and it plays a vital role in routing protocols evaluation. Various mobility models which are used in simulations have been designed to depict real-life scenarios Camp et al. (2002) 33. In MANETs movement of a node from one place to another characterize mobility, thus mobility is directly responsible for the link failure. This thesis work is based on three of these existing models namely Random Waypoint model, Group Model and File model. Fig. 4.4 denotes the important framework of mobility for the network design. Mobility Connectivity Routing Protocol Performance Mobility Models Building Block Analysis Performance Metrics DSR AODV ZRP RIP etc. Random Waypoint Mobility Model Group Mobility Model File Mobility Model Average Throughput Average End-to-End Delay Average Jitter Fig. 4.4: Mobility Framework 41

11 Random Waypoint Mobility Model The Random Waypoint Model is used to describe the movement patterns of mobile user, location, velocity and acceleration change over time. In this model, the node selects a random position, moves towards it in a straight line at a constant speed selected randomly from a range, and pauses at that destination. This process is repeated by the node throughout the simulation time Bettstetter et al. (2003) 67. The characteristics of RWP are briefly summarized below: i) Each node moves along a straight line in a zigzag fashion from one waypoint to the next. ii) The waypoints are uniformly distributed over the deployment area. iii) The node velocities are randomly selected from a given range. iv) Optionally, the nodes may have so called thinking times by which when they reach a waypoint they choose a random pausing time independent of each other before continuing to the next one. The screen shot of 80 nodes deploys randomly in 1500x1500 m 2 terrain scenario is shown in Fig Fig. 4.5: Movement of Nodes using Random Mobility Model 42

12 Group Mobility Model Group mobility model is designed to describe the movement pattern of mobile users, and to predict how their location, velocity and acceleration change over time. To generate the mobility effect in simulation scenarios various mobility models has been proposed by number of researchers, Das et al. (2000) 70, Jardosh et al. (2003) 71, Freely et al. (2004) 72, Cooper and Meghanathan (2010) 73. In this work the group mobility model have been used to generate the group mobility pattern. In this mobility model, group of nodes move together. The movement of a group follows the Random Waypoint model, and if any node moves within the group area also follows the Random Waypoint model (QualNet- 5.1-UsersGuide) 68. The communication between the different groups is shown below in Fig Fig. 4.6: Communication between Groups 43

13 File Based Mobility Model The File-based mobility model uses waypoints for each node specified by the user in a node position file. Each waypoint is a specification of a node s location and (optionally) orientation and the time at which the node arrives at that location. The node moves from one waypoint to the next in a straight line at a constant speed. Each line in the node position file has the information in following format: < node-id > and <time> <position>. Where: <node-id> indicates node identifier < Time > represent the simulation time for which the position is specified <Position > indicates node placement position The screen shot of file mobility is shown in Fig Fig. 4.7: Scenario Created using File Mobility Model 44

14 4.3.7 Mobility Specification A mobility model determines how each node moves during the simulation, i.e., how the positions of nodes at different simulation times are calculated. The brief overview of QualNet existing mobility models are given in the following Table 4.3. Table 4.3: Mobility Models in QualNet GUI Name Description Remark File Group Mobility Random Waypoint Pedestrian mobility File-based mobility model. The node positions at different simulation times are read from a file. The node moves from one position to the next in a straight line at a constant speed. Group-based mobility model. In this model, groups of nodes move together. The entire group moves following the Random Waypoint model, and each node moves within the group area, also following the Random Waypoint model. Random Waypoint mobility model. The node selects a random position, moves towards it in a straight line at a constant speed that is randomly selected from a range, and pauses at that destination. The node repeats this process throughout the simulation. Pedestrian mobility model. In this model, nodes simulate the behavior of pedestrians in an urban environment. Used in Present Study Used in Present Study Used in Present Study Not Used in Present Study The mobility placement view is shown in Appendix-B (iv). 45

15 4.3.8 Data Traffic Model: QualNet support different types of traffic source for MANET. In this thesis two traffic patterns have been applied namely, CBR and FTP traffic. i) Constant Bit Rate (CBR) The CBR is used for connections that transport traffic at a constant bit rate in real time between communication pair (source and destination). CBR is personalized for any type of data for which the end-systems require expected response time and a fixed amount of bandwidth endlessly available for the life-time of the connection, Ferguson and Huston et al. (1998) 74. In simulation design the different numbers of CBR connections have been created. ii) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) The FTP is a standard Internet protocol used for exchanging files between two or more computer systems over the Internet. FTP is more popularly used to transfer Web page related files from their owner to the server system for all other users available over the Internet. It is also used to download various files for a computer system from other servers. FTP working is based on client server architecture and it maintains separate control and data connections during exchanging of data between client and server. FTP also used for user authentication purpose as users may authenticate themselves using a protocol known as clear-text sign-in protocol. It work in a conventional way as it asks for username and password at the time of authentication, but can connect namelessly if the server is already configured to allow for connection without authentication. FTP package is generally offered as part of a program that come with TCP/IP suit. The first FTP client applications were interactive command-line tools, implementing standard commands and syntax. Graphical user interfaces have since been developed for many of the popular operating systems in use today, including general web design programs like Microsoft Expression Web, and specialist FTP clients such as CuteFTP. 46

16 A solid green line is drawn from the source to the destination. Fig. 4.8 shows 5 CBR link randomly selected source and destination. Fig. 4.8: CBR Applications in a Network Scenario 4.4 Performance Metrics There are number of parameters available in the QualNet simulator to analyze and evaluate the overall network performance in MANETs. These parameters are most popularly known as performance metrics. Different performance metrics are used in the evaluation of routing protocols. They represent different characteristics of the overall network performance. The example of the network parameters; average jitter(s), average throughput (bits/s) and average end-toend delay(s). These all performance metrics are usually get affected by the routing protocols; therefore, the performance of a routing protocol is get affected by these performance parameters in MANET. In this report, the protocols comparisons have been carried out on the basis of following performance metrics: 47

17 i) Average End-to-End Delay(s) Average End-to-End Delay performance metrics is used to measure the time taken by a packet to travel across a network from a source node to the destination node. ii) Average Jitter(s) Average jitter is a performance characteristics used to measure deviation from true periodicity eventually of inactivity in packet across a specific network. Jitter in IP networks is the variation in the latency on a packet flow between two systems, when some packets take longer to travel from one system to the other. Jitter results from network congestion, timing drift and route changes. The most effective condition of jitter is shown in Fig Fig. 4.9: Jitter iii) Average Throughput(bits/s) Throughput is measured in terms of successful delivery of data packet within the threshold time. 4.5 Statistics In QualNet statistics can be collected from.stat file. The statistics are grouped together by layers. The all information related to different layers such as Application, Transport, Network, MAC, or Physical displays are collected for 48

18 every protocol by analyzing.stat file. The information so collected for every layer is analyzed for different performance metrics. 4.6 Network Modeling In this research, the different MANET routing protocols have been analyzed with varying node density and mobility speed of node. It has been assumed that the mobility affects the performance of routing protocols. To verify this, simulation study has been conducted and performance of different routing protocols have been analyzed to verify the fact. After that the numerous MANET scenarios with distinguish parameters have been designed and tested. Subsequently, the performance of network has been evaluated under different data traffic patterns as well as with the different mobility models. In order to evaluate the network performance for real time situations many scenario s with varying node density and speed have been used. The simulations have been carried out with the varying node speed 10 m/s (36 km/hour) - 40 m/s (144 km/hour). The network scenario contains CBR traffic connections with different packet size. In the present study the different performance metrics are used to compare the performance of various routing protocols namely Average End-to-End delay(s), Average Jitter(s) and Average Throughput (bits/s). The QualNet simulator has been used in simulation. A network model is used with different network entities namely workstations (nodes), mobility configuration (node mobility), application configuration etc. These network configuration parameters allow user to configure the different properties in a network scenario at the time of scenario deployment. Furthermore, the mobility configuration is very important entity among various network configuration parameters. Mobility configuration is used for the purpose of measuring the impact of mobility for different mobility models. The scenario development also provide a choice to the 49

19 network designer to choose various appropriate parameters like speed, start time, stop time, pause time and antenna used to properly manage the movement of the various nodes in the network scenarios. The main focus to incorporate the mobility effect is to allow the nodes movement within the exact allocated network area. In this study the three mobility models have been used namely Random Waypoint mobility model, Group mobility model and File mobility model. In general, the nodes are organized with a random speed using Random Waypoint mobility model. The Random Waypoint mobility model is broadly used mobility model in the research because of its practical suitability for the various real time situations, Das et al. (2000) 70. Furthermore, the Group mobility model and File mobility model have also been used in the study for representing the group movement and specific desirable movement. For representation of the mobile activities of the nodes, the speed of the node is primarily fixed to 10 m/s with a default pause time value of 10 sec. to obtain the network performance with minimum mobility speed. However, the speed is improved up to 40 m/s with the same pause time in order to observe the network performance in high mobility situations. The improvement in node speed is allowed to monitor the impact of mobility on protocols performances in the network. 4.7 Evaluation Platform The different types of network simulators have been presented to design and simulate the MANET for different perspectives. In the real-time MANET scenario; the network deployment and subsequently its performance evaluation is necessary. In the present study the QualNet simulator has been used. The Scalable Network Technologies developed QualNet as a commercial version of GloMoSim network simulator which is mainly used for wireless networks, Kumar et al. (2011) 75, Qabajeh et al. (2012) 66. The practical perspective of the problem mentioned in chapter-3 provoked the researcher to conduct the simulation based study. Many simulators have been 50

20 designed so far among the most widely used and popular commercial simulator is QualNet simulator. 51

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