CSE 4213: Computer Networks II

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1 CSE 4213: Computer Networks II Administrivia Course webpage: Lectures: on-wed 4:00-5:30 pm (CB 120) Textbook: Suprakash Datta Office: CSEB 3043 Phone: ext Course page: These slides are adapted from Jim Kurose s slides. Exams: midterm (30%), final (40%) Homework (30%): roughly equally divided between lab assignments and project. Slides: should be available the morning of the class Office hours: Tuesday 12-2 pm, Wed 1-2 pm or by appointment at CSB3043 Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 3 rd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross; Addison- Wesley, July /7/2007 COSC S.Datta 1 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 2 Administrivia contd. Cheating will not be tolerated. Visit the webpage for more details on policies etc. Be careful not to misuse packet sniffing software (Ethereal). I would like to have a 2-hour midterm. Your cooperation is greatly appreciated. TA: none There will be some non-credit homework to help you study. I may have an extra-credit assignment. This will be announced beforehand. Course objectives Understand the full TCP/IP architecture. Become familiar with advanced topics - P2P systems, multimedia communication (including VoIP), security, wireless sensor s. Learn about active research areas. 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 3 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 4 ajor differences with 3213 Top-down approach. ore algorithmic (less math!) ore hands-on TCP/IP programming. Chapter 1: Introduction What is the Internet? Network of s Heterogeneous Distributed Owned by many different entities Allows easy additions and removal from the 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 5 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 6 1

2 The Internet: nuts and bolts view millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running apps communication s fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth s: forward packets (chunks of data) company server workstation mobile regional 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 7 The Internet: nuts and bolts view protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP Internet: of s loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt company server workstation mobile regional 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 8 The Internet: a service view communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, , games, e- commerce, file sharing communication services provided to apps: Connectionless unreliable Connection-oriented reliable A closer look at structure edge: applications and hosts core: s of s access s, media: communication s 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 9 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 10 end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, at edge of client/server model client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; client/server peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA The edge 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 11 Network edge: connection-oriented service Goal: data transfer between end systems handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Internet s connectionoriented service TCP service [RFC 793] reliable, in-order bytestream data transfer loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions flow control: sender won t overwhelm receiver congestion control: senders slow down sending rate when congested Connection-oriented service not the same as that in Telephony. 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 12 2

3 Network edge: connectionless service The Network Core Goal: data transfer between end systems same as before! UDP - User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]: connectionless unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control App s using TCP: HTTP (Web), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), STP ( ) App s using UDP: streaming media, teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony mesh of interconnected s the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 13 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 14 Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for call bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required Network Core: Circuit Switching resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) dividing bandwidth into pieces frequency division time division 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 15 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 16 Circuit Switching: FD & TD Network Core: Packet Switching FD frequency TD frequency time Example: 4 users each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share resources each packet uses full bandwidth resources used as needed Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete packet before forwarding time 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 17 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 18 3

4 Packet Switching: Statistical ultiplexing A B 10 b/s Ethernet queue of packets waiting for output statistical multiplexing 1.5 b/s D Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern statistical multiplexing. In TD each host gets same slot in revolving TD frame. 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 19 E C Packet switching vs circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use! 1 b/s each user: 100 kb/s when active active 10% of time circuit-switching: 10 users packet switching: with 35 users, probability > 10 active less than.0004 N users 1 bps 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 20 Packet switching vs circuit switching - 2 Is packet switching a slam dunk winner? Great for bursty data resource sharing simpler, no call setup Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem (chapter 6) Packet-switching: store-and-forward Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to or R bps Entire packet must arrive at before it can be transmitted on next : store and forward delay = 3L/R L R R R Example: L = 7.5 bits R = 1.5 bps delay = 15 sec 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 21 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 22 Packet-switched s: forwarding Goal: move packets through s from source to destination we ll study several path selection (i.e. routing) algorithms (chapter 4) datagram : destination address in packet determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions virtual circuit : each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru call s maintain per-call state Network edge:access s and media Q: How to connect end systems to edge? residential access nets institutional access s (school, company) mobile access s Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access? shared or dedicated? 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 23 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 24 4

5 Residential access: point to point access Dialup via modem up to 56Kbps direct access to (often less ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line up to 1 bps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 bps downstream (today typically < 1 bps) FD: 50 khz - 1 Hz for downstream 4 khz - 50 khz for upstream 0 khz - 4 khz for ordinary telephone Residential access: cable modems HFC: hybrid fiber coax asymmetric: up to 30bps downstream, 2 bps upstream of cable and fiber attaches homes to homes share access to deployment: available via cable TV companies 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 25 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 26 Residential access: cable modems Cable Network Architecture: Overview Typically 500 to 5,000 homes Diagram: cable headend cable distribution (simplified) home 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 27 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 28 Cable Network Architecture: Overview Cable Network Architecture: Overview server(s) cable headend cable headend cable distribution (simplified) home cable distribution home 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 29 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 30 5

6 Cable Network Architecture: Overview Company access: area s FD: cable headend cable distribution C O V V V V V V N I I I I I I D D T D D D D D D A A R E E E E E E T T O O O O O O O A A L Channels home company/univ area (LAN) connects end system to edge Ethernet: shared or dedicated connects end system and 10 bs, 100bps, Gigabit Ethernet LANs: chapter 5 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 31 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 32 Wireless access s Home s shared wireless access connects end system to via base station aka access point wireless LANs: b (WiFi): 11 bps wider-area wireless access provided by telco operator 3G ~ 384 kbps WAP/GPRS in Europe WiFi in metropolitan areas base station mobile hosts Typical home components: ADSL or cable modem /firewall/nat Ethernet wireless access point to/from cable headend cable modem / firewall Ethernet wireless access point wireless laptops 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 33 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 34 Physical edia Physical edia: coax, fiber Bit: propagates between transmitter/rcvr pairs : what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 bps Ethernet Category 5: 100bps Ethernet Coaxial cable: two concentric copper conductors bidirectional baseband: single channel on cable legacy Ethernet broadband: multiple channel on cable HFC Fiber optic cable: glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation: high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 5 Gps) low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart ; immune to electromagnetic noise 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 35 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 36 6

7 Physical media: radio Internet structure: of s signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum no wire bidirectional propagation environment effects: reflection obstruction by objects interference Radio types: terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 bps channels LAN (e.g., Wifi) 2bps, 11bps wide-area (e.g., cellular) e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps satellite up to 50bps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 s (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately NAP Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public access points (NAPs) 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 37 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 38 Tier-1 : e.g., Sprint Internet structure: of s Sprint US backbone Tier-2 s: smaller (often regional) s Connect to one or more tier-1 s, possibly other tier-2 s pays tier-1 for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 is customer of tier-1 provider NAP s also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 39 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 40 Internet structure: of s Internet structure: of s Tier-3 s and s last hop ( access ) (closest to end systems) a packet passes through many s! Local and tier- 3 s are customers of higher tier s connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 NAP 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 41 Tier 3 NAP 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 42 7

8 Internet Design Philosophy Protocol Layers Simple core, complex edge Best effort service Great support for heterogeneity Dynamic by design One for many, many purposes Designed primarily for non-real-time text traffic with no QoS requirements other than reliable delivery. Q: Does this explain why the internet does not work well for many applications? Networks are complex! many pieces : hosts s s of various media applications protocols hardware, software Pros and cons of layering: explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system s pieces modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layer s service transparent to rest of system 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 43 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 44 Internet protocol stack application: supporting applications FTP, STP, STTP transport: host-host data transfer TCP, UDP : routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols : data transfer between neighboring elements PPP, Ethernet : bits on the wire application transport message segment H t datagram H n H t frame H l H n H t H t H t H n H t H n H l destination application transport source application transport H l H n H t H l H n H t H t H n H t H n H l Encapsulation H t H n H t H n H l switch 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 45 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 46 Internet History : Early packet-switching principles Internet History : Intering, new and proprietary nets 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packetswitching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational 1972: ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol first program ARPAnet has 15 nodes 1970: ALOHAnet satellite in Hawaii 1973: etcalfe s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting s late70 s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70 s: switching fixed length packets (AT precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes Cerf and Kahn s intering principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect s best effort service model stateless s decentralized control define today s Internet architecture 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 47 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 48 8

9 Early 1990 s: ARPAnet decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web Internet History 1990, 2000 s: commercialization, the Web, new apps hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960 s] HTL, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: osaic, later Netscape late 1990 s: commercialization of the Web Late 1990 s 2000 s: more killer apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharing security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone s running at Gbps Reading: Ch 1, 2. Next: Delay and loss in s 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 49 1/7/2007 COSC S.Datta 50 9

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