Course Routing Classification Properties Routing Protocols 1/39

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Course Routing Classification Properties Routing Protocols 1/39"

Transcription

1 Course 8 3. Routing Classification Properties Routing Protocols 1/39

2 Routing Algorithms Types Static versus dynamic Single-path versus multipath Flat versus hierarchical Host-intelligent versus router-intelligent Intradomain versus interdomain Link-state versus distance vector 2/39

3 Routing algorithms- depending on how the routes are calculated. STATIC ADAPTIVE Static algorithms (Non adaptive algorithms), do not base their routing decisions on the estimates of current traffic and topology. Instead the route is pre-computed and fed into the routers offline. Adaptive algorithms (Dynamic algorithms) on the other hand change their routing decisions to reflect the changes in the topology and usually in traffic as well. The various adaptive algorithms differ in : where they get their information (from adjacent routers, or from all routers), when they change the routes (when the load changes or when the topology changes) what metric is used for optimization (distance, number of hops, residual bandwidth). 3/39

4 Static routing The administrator is responsible for discovering and propagating routes through the network using an algorithm (which can be a link-state or a distance vector based one) as ex. Dijkstra or Belmann-Ford algorithm. After a device has been configured, it simply forwards packets out the predetermined ports. Relatively simple to administer in small networks with minimal redundancy Several disadvantages for maintaining IP routing tables: require a considerable amount of coordination and maintenance in non-trivial network environments. cannot dynamically adapt to the current network operational state. Traffic continues to be forwarded toward a destination that became unreachable (the routes pointing to that network remain in the routing table) unless the network administrator updates the configuration. Traffic is unable to use any alternate paths that may exist 4/39

5 Static routing can be attractive for example To manually define a default route. This route is used to forward traffic when the routing table does not contain a more specific route to the destination. To define a route that is not automatically advertised within a network. When complex routing policies are required. For example, static routes can be used to guarantee that traffic destined for a specific host traverses a designated network path. 5/39

6 To provide a more secure network environment. The administrator is aware of all subnetworks defined in the environment. The administrator specifically authorizes all communication permitted between these subnetworks. To provide more efficient resource utilization. This method of routing table management requires no network bandwidth to advertise routes between neighboring devices. It also uses less processor memory and CPU cycles to calculate network paths. As a conclusion the main advantage of static routing is its simplicity, and it should work well in a reliable network with a stable load. 6/39

7 Eg in figure below a central routing matrix is created, to be stored perhaps at a network control center. The matrix shows, for each source-destination pair of nodes, the identity of the next node on the route. Note that it is not necessary to store the complete route for each possible pair of nodes. It is sufficient to know, for each pair of nodes, the identity of the first node on the route( least cost route); In our example, the route from node 1 to node 6 begins by going through node 4. Consulting the matrix, the route from node 4 to node 6 goes through node 5. Finally, the route from node 5 to node 6 is a direct link to node 6. The complete route from node 1 to node 6 is /39

8 8/39

9 With static routing, there is no difference between routing for datagrams and virtual circuits. All packets from a given source to a given destination follow the same route. A refinement to fixed routing that would accommodate link and node outages would be to supply the nodes with an alternate next node for each destination. For example, the alternate next nodes in the node 1 directory might be 4, 3, 2, 3, 3. 9/39

10 Adaptive Routing The routing decisions change as conditions on the network modify: Failure. When a node or trunk fails, it can no longer be used as part of a route. Congestion. When a particular portion of the network is heavily congested, it is desirable to route packets around, rather than through, the area of congestion. Information about the network state must be exchanged among the nodes. There is a tradeoff here between the quality of the information and the amount of overhead. The more information that is exchanged, and the more frequently it is exchanged, the better will be the routing decisions that each node makes. This information is itself a load on the network, causing a performance degradation. 10/39

11 Drawbacks of adaptive routing The routing decision is more complex; the processing load on nodes increases. In most cases, adaptive strategies depend on status information that is collected at one place but used at another; the network traffic load increases. An adaptive strategy may react too quickly, causing congestion-producing oscillation; if it reacts too slowly, the strategy will be irrelevant. 11/39

12 Adaptive routing strategies are the most prevalent, for two reasons: An adaptive routing strategy can improve performance, as seen by the network user. An adaptive routing strategy can aid in congestion control, as discussed later. These benefits may or may not be realized, depending on the soundness of the design and the nature of the load. Most major packet-switching networks, such as ARPANET and its successors, TYMNET, and those developed by IBM and DEC, have endured at least one major overhaul of their routing strategy. 12/39

13 Classification of adaptive routing strategies on the basis of information source: local e.g. a node routes each packet to the outgoing link with the shortest queue length, Q. This would have the effect of balancing the load on outgoing links adjacent nodes all nodes. As an example- the status of node 4 in next figure, above at a certain point in time. Node 4 has links to four other nodes. Decision is done by taking into account preferred direction - each link has for each destination i a bias B. 13/39

14 14/39

15 A number of packets have been arriving and a backlog has built up, with a queue of packets waiting for each of the outgoing links, as it can be seen. Improvement of above e.g- For each incoming packet is chosen the outgoing link that minimizes Q + B. Thus, a node tends to send packets in the right direction, with a concession made to current traffic delays A packet arrives from node 1 destined for node 6. With the biases and queues from figure below, the chosen route will be towards node 3, with the minimum value Q+B 6 15/39

16 Single Path Versus Multipath Some sophisticated routing protocols support multiple paths to the same destination. Unlike single-path algorithms, these multipath algorithms permit traffic multiplexing over multiple lines. The advantages of multipath algorithms -substantially better throughput reliability. This is generally called load sharing. 16/39

17 Examples Routing Scenarios Unicast- one source to one destination when a router receives a packet it forwards the packet only through one of its ports (the one belonging to the optimum path). Multicast- one source delivers a message to a group of destinations that have expressed interest in receiving the message; Broadcast -delivers a message to all nodes in the network; Anycast delivers a message to any one out of a group of nodes, typically the one nearest to the source. 17/39

18 Flat Versus Hierarchical In a flat routing system, the routers are peers of all others. In a hierarchical routing system (HS), some routers form a routing backbone. Packets from nonbackbone routers travel to the backbone routers, where they are sent through the backbone until they reach the general area of the destination. At this point, they travel from the last backbone router through one or more nonbackbone routers to the final destination. In HS some routers in a domain can communicate with routers in other domains, while others can communicate only with routers within their domain. In very large networks, additional hierarchical levels may exist, with routers at the highest hierarchical level forming the routing backbone. 18/39

19 The primary advantage of hierarchical routing is that it mimics the organization of most companies and therefore supports their traffic patterns well. Most network communication occurs within small company groups (domains). Because intradomain routers need to know only about other routers within their domain, their routing algorithms can be simplified and depending on the routing algorithm being used, routing update traffic can be reduced accordingly. 19/39

20 Routers 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, and 12 make up the backbone. If Host H1 in Area 3 wants to send a packet to Host H2 in Area 2, the packet is sent to Router 13, which forwards the packet to Router 12, which sends the packet to Router 11. Router 11 then forwards the packet along the backbone to Router 10, which sends the packet through two intra-area routers (Router 9 and Router 7) to be forwarded to Host H2 20/39

21 Intradomain Versus Interdomain For a large network a single routing protocol cannot handle the task of updating the routing table of all the routers. Interior routing- inside an autonomous system Exterior routing -between autonomous systems Some routing algorithms work only within domains; Others work within and between domains. The nature of these two algorithm types is different An optimal intradomain-routing algorithm would not necessarily be an optimal interdomain-routing algorithm 21/39

22 Application of IRP and ERP 22/39

23 Interior Router Protocol (IRP) Passes routing information between routers within AS The protocol used within the autonomous system does not need to be implemented outside of the system. This flexibility allows IRPs to be custom-tailored to specific applications and requirements. As e.g in previous figure, all of the LANs at a site, such as an office complex or campus, could be linked by routers to form an autonomous system. This system might be linked through a widearea network to other autonomous systems. In this case, the routing algorithm and routing tables used by routers in different autonomous systems may differ. 23/39

24 The routers in one autonomous system need a minimal level of information concerning networks that can be reached outside the system. The protocol used to pass routing information between routers in different autonomous systems is referred to as an exterior router protocol (ERP). IRP needs detailed model ERP supports summary information on reachability If a datagram is to be transferred from a host in one autonomous system to a host in another autonomous system, a router in the first system need only determine the target autonomous system and devise a route to get into that system. Once the datagram enters the target autonomous system, the routers there can cooperate to finally deliver the datagram. 24/39

25 Host Intelligent Versus Router Intelligent Some routing algorithms assume that the source end node will determine the entire route -usually referred to as source routing. In source-routing systems, routers merely act as storeand-forward devices, sending the packet to the next stop. Other algorithms assume that hosts know nothing about routes. Routers determine the path through the internetwork based on their own calculations. In the first system, the hosts have the routing intelligence. In the latter system, routers have the routing intelligence. 25/39

26 Dynamic routing Dynamic (adaptive) routing algorithms allow routers to automatically discover and maintain awareness of the paths through the network. Classification dependent on the way they discover and calculate new routes to destination networks. Distance vector protocols:eg. RIP, IGRP Link state protocols: OSPF Path vector protocols: BGP Hybrid protocols 26/39

27 Link State Versus Distance Vector Link-state algorithms (also known as shortest path first algorithms or Dijsktra alg.) flood routing information to all nodes in the internetwork. Each router, however, sends only the portion of the routing table that describes the state of its own links. In link-state algorithms, each router builds a picture of the entire network in its routing tables. Distance vector algorithms (also known as Bellman-Ford algorithms) call for each router to send all or some portion of its routing table, but only to its neighbors. In essence, link-state algorithms send small updates everywhere, while distance vector algorithms send larger updates only to neighboring routers. Distance vector algorithms know only about their neighbors. 27/39

28 Comparison between link state algorithms and distance vector algorithms converge more quickly less prone to routing loops than distance vector algorithms. require more CPU power and memory than distance vector algorithms. can be more expensive to implement and support. are generally more scalable than distance vector protocols. (Scalability is the ability to handle a growing amount of work, to be enlarged to accommodate this growth) 28/39

29 Path vector routing is somewhat similar to the distance vector algorithm in the sense that each border router advertises its reachable destinations to its neighboring router. (discussed in RFC 1322) It uses destination addresses and path descriptions to reach those destinations A route is defined as a pairing between a destination and the attributes of the path to that destination (the name path vector routing comes from it) A special path attribute records the sequence of routing domains through which the reachability information has passed. The preferred path to reach the destination is represented by the smallest number of domains 29/39

30 Several advantages most important flexibility The computational complexity is smaller than that of the link state protocol. The path vector computation consists of evaluating a newly arrived route and comparing it with the existing one, Path vector routing does not require domains to have homogeneous policies for route selection; The support for heterogeneous route selection policies has serious implications for the computational complexity. Each domain makes its route selection autonomously, based only on local policies. 30/39

31 Only the domains whose routes are affected by the changes have to recompute. Suppression of routing loops is implemented through the path attribute (in contrast to link state and distance vector, which use a globally-defined monotonically thereby increasing metric for route selection). Route computation precedes routing information dissemination. Only routing information associated with the routes selected by a domain is distributed to adjacent domains. Path vector routing has the ability to selectively hide information. 31/39

32 Disadvantages Because of the inclusion of full path information with each distance vector, the effect of a topology change can propagate farther than in traditional distance vector algorithms. Unless the network topology is fully meshed or is able to appear so, routing loops can become an issue. BGP is a popular example of a path vector routing protocol. 32/39

33 Hybrid routing Hybrid protocols attempt to combine the positive attributes of both distance vector and link state protocols. Like distance vector, hybrid protocols use metrics to assign a preference to a route. However, the metrics are more accurate than conventional distance vector protocols. Like link state algorithms, routing updates in hybrid protocols are event driven rather than periodic. Networks using hybrid protocols tend to converge more quickly than networks using distance vector protocols. Potentially reduce the costs of link state updates and distance vector advertisements. almost exclusively associated with the proprietary eg: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol was developed by Cisco Systems, Inc. as an evolution of IGRP a distance vector algorithm used for Internet 33/39

34 Routing Metrics Routing algorithms have used many different metrics to determine the best route. Sophisticated routing algorithms can base route selection on multiple metrics, combining them in a single (hybrid) metric. All the following metrics have been used: Path length Reliability Delay Bandwidth Load Communication cost 34/39

35 Path length is the most common routing metric. 1. It is assigned a cost to each network link. The path length is the sum of the costs associated with each link traversed. 2. It is defined a hop count, a metric that specifies the number of passes through internetworking products, (e.g.routers) that a packet must take en route from a source to a destination. 35/39

36 Reliability refers to the dependability, usually described in terms of the bit-error rate, of each network link. Some network links might go down more often than others. After a network fails, certain network links might be repaired more easily or more quickly than other links. Any reliability factors can be taken into account in the assignment of the reliability ratings, which are arbitrary numeric values usually assigned to network links by network administrators. 36/39

37 Routing delay refers to the length of time required to move a packet from source to destination through the internetwork. It is a common and useful metric Delay is a conglomeration of many variables: the bandwidth of intermediate network links the port queues at each router along the way, network congestion on all intermediate network links the physical distance to be traveled 37/39

38 Bandwidth refers to the available traffic capacity of a link. All other things being equal, a 10-Mbps Ethernet link would be preferable to a 64-kbps leased line. Although bandwidth is a rating of the maximum attainable throughput on a link, routes through links with greater bandwidth do not necessarily provide better routes than routes through slower links. For example, if a faster link is busier, the actual time required to send a packet to the destination could be greater. 38/39

39 Load refers to the degree to which a network resource, such as a router, is busy. Load can be calculated in a variety of ways: CPU utilization packets processed per second. Monitoring these parameters on a continual basis can be resource-intensive itself. Communication cost is another important metric, especially because some companies may not care about performance as much as they care about operating expenditures. Although line delay may be longer, they will send packets over their own lines rather than through the public lines that cost money for usage time. 39/39

Routing Basics. What is Routing? Routing Components. Path Determination CHAPTER

Routing Basics. What is Routing? Routing Components. Path Determination CHAPTER CHAPTER 5 Routing Basics This chapter introduces the underlying concepts widely used in routing protocols Topics summarized here include routing protocol components and algorithms In addition, the role

More information

Overview. Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing. Send document comments to CHAPTER

Overview. Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing. Send document comments to CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 This chapter introduces the basic concepts for Layer 3 unicast routing protocols in Cisco NX-OS. This chapter includes the following sections: Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing, page

More information

BLM6196 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

BLM6196 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS BLM696 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (7 th Week) 7. Routing 7.Outline Routing in Packet-Switching Networks Examples: Routing in ARPANET Internet Routing Protocols

More information

Why dynamic route? (1)

Why dynamic route? (1) Routing Why dynamic route? (1) Static route is ok only when Network is small There is a single connection point to other network No redundant route 2 Why dynamic route? (2) Dynamic Routing Routers update

More information

Unicast Routing. Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing CHAPTER

Unicast Routing. Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 This chapter introduces the underlying concepts for Layer 3 unicast routing protocols in Cisco 1000 Series Connected Grid Routers (hereafter referred to as the Cisco CG-OS router) and WAN backhaul

More information

ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Routing on the Internet

ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Routing on the Internet ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Routing on the Internet 2014, (ETSF05 Part 2), Lecture 1.1 Jens Andersson Circuit switched routing 2014 11 05 ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols 2 Packet switched Routing

More information

Lecture (08, 09) Routing in Switched Networks

Lecture (08, 09) Routing in Switched Networks Agenda Lecture (08, 09) Routing in Switched Networks Dr. Ahmed ElShafee Routing protocols Fixed Flooding Random Adaptive ARPANET Routing Strategies ١ Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU Fall 2011, Networks I ٢ Dr.

More information

Routing Overview for Firepower Threat Defense

Routing Overview for Firepower Threat Defense Path Determination This chapter describes underlying concepts of how routing behaves within the Cisco Firepower Threat Defense, and the routing protocols that are supported. Routing is the act of moving

More information

Top-Down Network Design

Top-Down Network Design Top-Down Network Design Chapter Seven Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Original slides by Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer Selection Criteria for Switching and Routing Protocols Network traffic

More information

ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols. Routing on the Internet

ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols. Routing on the Internet ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Routing on the Internet Circuit switched routing ETSF05/ETSF10 - Internet Protocols 2 Routing in Packet Switching Networks Key design issue for (packet) switched networks

More information

Routing Overview. Information About Routing CHAPTER

Routing Overview. Information About Routing CHAPTER 21 CHAPTER This chapter describes underlying concepts of how routing behaves within the ASA, and the routing protocols that are supported. This chapter includes the following sections: Information About

More information

Planning for Information Network

Planning for Information Network Planning for Information Network Lecture 8: Network Routing Protocols Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 1 Routing protocol features There are many ways to characterize routing protocols, including

More information

Fairness Example: high priority for nearby stations Optimality Efficiency overhead

Fairness Example: high priority for nearby stations Optimality Efficiency overhead Routing Requirements: Correctness Simplicity Robustness Under localized failures and overloads Stability React too slow or too fast Fairness Example: high priority for nearby stations Optimality Efficiency

More information

Top-Down Network Design, Ch. 7: Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols. Top-Down Network Design. Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols

Top-Down Network Design, Ch. 7: Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols. Top-Down Network Design. Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Top-Down Network Design Chapter Seven Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Copyright 2010 Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer 1 Switching 2 Page 1 Objectives MAC address table Describe the features

More information

Information About Routing

Information About Routing 19 CHAPTER This chapter describes underlying concepts of how routing behaves within the adaptive security appliance, and the routing protocols that are supported. The chapter includes the following sections:,

More information

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) CHAPTER 42 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Background Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol developed for Internet Protocol (IP) networks by the interior gateway protocol (IGP) working

More information

SEMESTER 2 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols V 4.0

SEMESTER 2 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols V 4.0 SEMESTER 2 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols V 4.0 3.1.1 What are the four routing RIP, RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPFv2 protocols that are the focus of this course? 3.1.1.2 What are routing protocols?

More information

Chapter 12. Routing and Routing Protocols 12-1

Chapter 12. Routing and Routing Protocols 12-1 Chapter 12 Routing and Routing Protocols 12-1 Routing in Circuit Switched Network Many connections will need paths through more than one switch Need to find a route Efficiency Resilience Public telephone

More information

Network Layer: Routing

Network Layer: Routing Network Layer: Routing The Problem A B R 1 R 2 R 4 R 3 Goal: for each destination, compute next hop 1 Lecture 9 2 Basic Assumptions Trivial solution: Flooding Dynamic environment: links and routers unreliable:

More information

Chapter 7: Routing Dynamically. Routing & Switching

Chapter 7: Routing Dynamically. Routing & Switching Chapter 7: Routing Dynamically Routing & Switching The Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols Dynamic routing protocols used in networks since the late 1980s Newer versions support the communication based

More information

BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma

BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma Unit 9 Computer Network Routing and Routing Protocols BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma Introduction to Routing Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets toward

More information

IP Routing. Bharat S. Chaudhari International Institute of Information Technology Pune, India

IP Routing. Bharat S. Chaudhari International Institute of Information Technology Pune, India IP Routing Bharat S. Chaudhari International Institute of Information Technology Pune, India June 21, 2005 Network Devices: Ø The networking and internetworking devices are divided in the following categories:

More information

CSCE 463/612 Networks and Distributed Processing Spring 2018

CSCE 463/612 Networks and Distributed Processing Spring 2018 CSCE 463/612 Networks and Distributed Processing Spring 2018 Network Layer IV Dmitri Loguinov Texas A&M University April 12, 2018 Original slides copyright 1996-2004 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross 1 Chapter

More information

Routing. Advanced Computer Networks: Routing 1

Routing. Advanced Computer Networks: Routing 1 Routing Advanced Computer Networks: Routing 1 Gateway To internet or wide area network Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) s s Organization Servers Backbone R S R R Departmental Server s R S R s S R s s s

More information

Routing, Routing Algorithms & Protocols

Routing, Routing Algorithms & Protocols Routing, Routing Algorithms & Protocols Computer Networks Lecture 6 http://goo.gl/pze5o8 Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched WANs 2 Circuit-Switched Networks Older (evolved from telephone networks), a

More information

To contain/reduce broadcast traffic, we need to reduce the size of the network (i.e., LAN).

To contain/reduce broadcast traffic, we need to reduce the size of the network (i.e., LAN). 2.3.3 Routers 2.3.3.1 Motivation Bridges do not stop broadcast traffic. This can lead to broadcast storms (e.g., more than 100 nonunicast frames/sec) which can be catastrophic. This can bring the network

More information

CHAPTER 4: ROUTING DYNAMIC. Routing & Switching

CHAPTER 4: ROUTING DYNAMIC. Routing & Switching CHAPTER 4: ROUTING DYNAMIC Routing & Switching CHAPTER4 4.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols 4.2 Distance Vector Dynamic Routing 4.3 RIP and RIPng Routing 4.4 Link-State Dynamic Routing 4.5 The Routing Table

More information

Unit 3: Dynamic Routing

Unit 3: Dynamic Routing Unit 3: Dynamic Routing Basic Routing The term routing refers to taking a packet from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network. Routers don t really care about

More information

Routing Overview. Path Determination

Routing Overview. Path Determination This chapter describes underlying concepts of how routing behaves within the Cisco ASA, and the routing protocols that are supported. Routing is the act of moving information across a network from a source

More information

9.1. Routing Protocols

9.1. Routing Protocols 9.1. Routing Protocols Each organization that has been assigned a network address from an ISP is considered an autonomous system (AS). That organization is free to create one large network, or divide the

More information

Module 8. Routing. Version 2 ECE, IIT Kharagpur

Module 8. Routing. Version 2 ECE, IIT Kharagpur Module 8 Routing Lesson 27 Routing II Objective To explain the concept of same popular routing protocols. 8.2.1 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) This protocol is used inside our autonomous system and

More information

Routing in Switched Data Networks

Routing in Switched Data Networks in Switched Data Networks ITS323: Introduction to Data Communications Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University Prepared by Steven Gordon on 23 May 2012 ITS323Y12S1L10, Steve/Courses/2012/s1/its323/lectures/routing.tex,

More information

ICMP, ARP, RARP, IGMP

ICMP, ARP, RARP, IGMP Internet Layer Lehrstuhl für Informatik 4 Raw division into three tasks: Data transfer over a global network Route decision at the sub-nodes Control of the network or transmission status Routing Protocols

More information

Interplay Between Routing, Forwarding

Interplay Between Routing, Forwarding Internet Routing 1 Interplay Between Routing, Forwarding routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link 0100 0101 0111 1001 3 1 value in arriving packet s header 0111 3 1 Graph Abstraction

More information

ICS 351: Today's plan. distance-vector routing game link-state routing OSPF

ICS 351: Today's plan. distance-vector routing game link-state routing OSPF ICS 351: Today's plan distance-vector routing game link-state routing OSPF distance-vector routing game 1. prepare a list of all neighbors and the links to them, and the metric for each link 2. create

More information

Lecture 4 Wide Area Networks - Routing

Lecture 4 Wide Area Networks - Routing DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Lecture 4 Wide Area Networks - Routing Mei Yang Based on Lecture slides by William Stallings 1 ROUTING IN PACKET SWITCHED NETWORK key design issue for (packet) switched

More information

Chapter 7 Routing Protocols

Chapter 7 Routing Protocols Chapter 7 Routing Protocols Nonroutable Protocols In the early days of networking, networks were small collections of computers linked together For the purposes of sharing information and expensive peripherals

More information

CSCD 433/533 Advanced Networks Spring 2016

CSCD 433/533 Advanced Networks Spring 2016 CSCD 433/533 Advanced Networks Spring 2016 Lecture 13 Router Algorithms and Design Chapter 5 1 Topics Router Algorithms Routing in General Hierarchical routing Interior Gateway Protocols OSPF mention of

More information

Lecture 12. Introduction to IP Routing. Why introduction? Routing

Lecture 12. Introduction to IP Routing. Why introduction? Routing Lecture. Introduction to IP Routing Why introduction? Routing: very complex issue need in-depth study entire books on routing our scope: give a flavour of basic routing structure and messaging give an

More information

Internet Routing Protocols Tuba Saltürk

Internet Routing Protocols Tuba Saltürk Internet Routing Protocols 15505068 Tuba Saltürk Outline Internet Routers Routing Protocol Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Distance- Vector Routing Protocol Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Interior

More information

Enhanced IGRP. Chapter Goals. Enhanced IGRP Capabilities and Attributes CHAPTER

Enhanced IGRP. Chapter Goals. Enhanced IGRP Capabilities and Attributes CHAPTER 40 CHAPTER Chapter Goals Identify the four key technologies employed by (EIGRP). Understand the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), and describe how it improves the operational efficiency of EIGRP. Learn

More information

Part II. Chapter 3. Determining IP Routes

Part II. Chapter 3. Determining IP Routes Part II Chapter 3 Routers perform two main functions: switching and routing. The switching function is the process of moving packets from an inbound interface to an outbound interface. The switching function

More information

Table of Contents. Cisco TCP/IP

Table of Contents. Cisco TCP/IP Table of Contents TCP/IP Overview...1 TCP/IP Technology...1 TCP...1 IP...2 Routing in IP Environments...4 Interior Routing Protocols...5 RIP...5 IGRP...6 OSPF...6 Integrated IS IS...6 Exterior Routing

More information

Auxiliary protocols. tasks that IP does not handle: Routing table management (RIP, OSPF, etc.). Congestion and error reporting (ICMP).

Auxiliary protocols. tasks that IP does not handle: Routing table management (RIP, OSPF, etc.). Congestion and error reporting (ICMP). Auxiliary protocols IP is helped by a number of protocols that perform specific tasks that IP does not handle: Routing table management (RIP, OSPF, etc.). Congestion and error reporting (ICMP). Multicasting

More information

Chapter 1 The IP Routing Protocols

Chapter 1 The IP Routing Protocols Chapter 1 The IP Routing Protocols 1 This chapter describes routing protocol options for the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. The chapter Routing IP contains all the information you need for configuring IP.

More information

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Routing Protocol

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Routing Protocol CHAPTER 41 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Protocol Background The International Organization for Standardization (O) developed a complete suite of routing protocols for use in the Open Systems Interconnection

More information

Internetworking Terms. Internet Structure. Internet Structure. Chapter 15&16 Internetworking. Internetwork Structure & Terms

Internetworking Terms. Internet Structure. Internet Structure. Chapter 15&16 Internetworking. Internetwork Structure & Terms Chapter 15&16 Internetworking Internetwork Structure & Terms Internetworking Architecture Features Connection/Connectionless Architecture Fragmentation & Reassembly Internet Protocol & Services Addressing

More information

Network Routing. Packet Routing, Routing Algorithms, Routers, Router Architecture

Network Routing. Packet Routing, Routing Algorithms, Routers, Router Architecture Network Routing Packet Routing, Routing Algorithms, Routers, Router Architecture Routing Routing protocol Goal: determine good path (sequence of routers) thru network from source to dest. Graph abstraction

More information

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS S.Kokila, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, A.V.P College of Arts and Science, Tiruppur, Tamilnadu, India. G.Pramela, Assistant Professor, Department

More information

ITEC310 Computer Networks II

ITEC310 Computer Networks II ITEC310 Computer Networks II Chapter 22 Network Layer:, and Routing Department of Information Technology Eastern Mediterranean University Objectives 2/131 After completing this chapter you should be able

More information

ICS 351: Today's plan. OSPF BGP Routing in general

ICS 351: Today's plan. OSPF BGP Routing in general ICS 351: Today's plan OSPF BGP Routing in general link-state routing in distance-vector (Bellman-Ford, Ford-Fulkerson, RIP-style) routing, each router distributes its routing table to its neighbors an

More information

Multicast Technology White Paper

Multicast Technology White Paper Multicast Technology White Paper Keywords: Multicast, IGMP, IGMP Snooping, PIM, MBGP, MSDP, and SSM Mapping Abstract: The multicast technology implements high-efficiency point-to-multipoint data transmission

More information

Draft Manuscript Draft M. uscript Draft Manuscript. aft Manuscript Draft Ma. cript Draft Manuscript D. ipt Draft Manuscript Dra

Draft Manuscript Draft M. uscript Draft Manuscript. aft Manuscript Draft Ma. cript Draft Manuscript D. ipt Draft Manuscript Dra M aft Ma CHAPTER 3 ript Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols Objectives aft Ma Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able How do you determine the administrative distance of a route, and

More information

This Lecture. BUS Computer Facilities Network Management. Switching Network. Simple Switching Network

This Lecture. BUS Computer Facilities Network Management. Switching Network. Simple Switching Network This Lecture BUS0 - Computer Facilities Network Management Switching networks Circuit switching Packet switching gram approach Virtual circuit approach Routing in switching networks Faculty of Information

More information

CS 43: Computer Networks. 24: Internet Routing November 19, 2018

CS 43: Computer Networks. 24: Internet Routing November 19, 2018 CS 43: Computer Networks 24: Internet Routing November 19, 2018 Last Class Link State + Fast convergence (reacts to events quickly) + Small window of inconsistency Distance Vector + + Distributed (small

More information

2008 NDP Lectures 7 th Semester

2008 NDP Lectures 7 th Semester 2008 NDP Lectures 7 th Semester Neeli R. Prasad, Associate Professor Head of Wireless Security and Sensor Networks Group Networking and Security Aalborg University Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220 Aalborg East,

More information

TDC 363 Introduction to LANs

TDC 363 Introduction to LANs TDC 363 Introduction to LANs Routing Protocols and RIP Greg Brewster DePaul University TDC 363 1 Dynamic Routing Routing Protocols Distance Vector vs. Link State Protocols RIPv1 & RIPv2 RIP Problems Slow

More information

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7 th Edition. Chapter 12 Routing

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7 th Edition. Chapter 12 Routing William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7 th Edition Chapter 12 Routing Routing in Circuit Switched Network Many connections will need paths through more than one switch Need to find a route

More information

shortcut Tap into learning NOW! Visit for a complete list of Short Cuts. Your Short Cut to Knowledge

shortcut Tap into learning NOW! Visit  for a complete list of Short Cuts. Your Short Cut to Knowledge shortcut Your Short Cut to Knowledge The following is an excerpt from a Short Cut published by one of the Pearson Education imprints. Short Cuts are short, concise, PDF documents designed specifically

More information

Table of Contents. Cisco Introduction to EIGRP

Table of Contents. Cisco Introduction to EIGRP Table of Contents Introduction to EIGRP...1 Introduction...1 Before You Begin...1 Conventions...1 Prerequisites...1 Components Used...1 What is IGRP?...2 What is EIGRP?...2 How Does EIGRP Work?...2 EIGRP

More information

Hierarchical Routing. Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat not true in practice

Hierarchical Routing. Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat not true in practice Hierarchical Routing Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat not true in practice scale: with 200 million destinations: can t store all destinations in routing tables!

More information

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2018

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2018 CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 018 Lecture 16 Network Layer Routing Protocols Reading: Chapter 4 Some slides provided courtesy of J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved, copyright 017 1 Network

More information

Network Protocols. Routing. TDC375 Autumn 03/04 John Kristoff - DePaul University 1

Network Protocols. Routing. TDC375 Autumn 03/04 John Kristoff - DePaul University 1 Network Protocols Routing TDC375 Autumn 03/04 John Kristoff - DePaul University 1 IPv4 unicast routing All Internet hosts perform basic routing for local net destinations, forward to local host for non-local

More information

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2017

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2017 CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 017 Lecture 16 Network Layer Routing Protocols Reading: Chapter 4 Some slides provided courtesy of J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved, copyright 1996-007

More information

Routing Protocols. Technology Description BGP CHAPTER

Routing Protocols. Technology Description BGP CHAPTER CHAPTER 11 This chapter describes the level of support that Cisco ANA provides for routing protocols, as follows: Technology Description, page 11-1 Information Model Objects (IMOs), page 11-3 Vendor-Specific

More information

Routing. Routing. Overview. Overview. Routing vs. Forwarding. Why Routing

Routing. Routing. Overview. Overview. Routing vs. Forwarding. Why Routing Routing Dr. Arjan Durresi Department of Computer Science Louisiana State University Overview Routing vs. Forwarding Routing Algorithms, Distance Vector, Link State Dijkstra s Algorithm ARPAnet Routing

More information

Routing Protocol comparison

Routing Protocol comparison Routing Protocol comparison Introduction to routing Networks allow people to communicate, collaborate, and interact in many ways. Networks are used to access web pages, talk using IP telephones, participate

More information

ROUTING PROTOCOLS. Mario Baldi Routing - 1. see page 2

ROUTING PROTOCOLS. Mario Baldi   Routing - 1. see page 2 ROUTING PROTOCOLS Mario Baldi www.baldi.info Routing - 1 Copyright Notice This set of transparencies, hereinafter referred to as slides, is protected by copyright laws and provisions of International Treaties.

More information

ECE 333: Introduction to Communication Networks Fall 2001

ECE 333: Introduction to Communication Networks Fall 2001 ECE : Introduction to Communication Networks Fall 00 Lecture : Routing and Addressing I Introduction to Routing/Addressing Lectures 9- described the main components of point-to-point networks, i.e. multiplexed

More information

CS 5114 Network Programming Languages Control Plane. Nate Foster Cornell University Spring 2013

CS 5114 Network Programming Languages Control Plane. Nate Foster Cornell University Spring 2013 CS 5 Network Programming Languages Control Plane http://www.flickr.com/photos/rofi/0979/ Nate Foster Cornell University Spring 0 Based on lecture notes by Jennifer Rexford and Michael Freedman Announcements

More information

Data and Computer Communications. Chapter 12 Routing in Switched Networks

Data and Computer Communications. Chapter 12 Routing in Switched Networks Data and Computer Communications Chapter 1 Routing in Switched Networks Routing in Packet Switched Network Select route between end nodes Characteristics required: Correctness Simplicity Robustness Stability

More information

Network Layer, Part 2 Routing. Terminology

Network Layer, Part 2 Routing. Terminology Network Layer, Part Routing These slides are created by Dr. Huang of George Mason University. Students registered in Dr. Huang s courses at GMU can make a single machine readable copy and print a single

More information

Lab 4: Routing using OSPF

Lab 4: Routing using OSPF Network Topology:- Lab 4: Routing using OSPF Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway/Clock Description Rate Fa 0/0 172.16.1.17 255.255.255.240 ----- R1 LAN R1 Se 0/0/0 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252

More information

EEC-684/584 Computer Networks

EEC-684/584 Computer Networks EEC-684/584 Computer Networks Lecture 14 wenbing@ieee.org (Lecture nodes are based on materials supplied by Dr. Louise Moser at UCSB and Prentice-Hall) Outline 2 Review of last lecture Internetworking

More information

Course 6. Internetworking Routing 1/33

Course 6. Internetworking Routing 1/33 Course 6 Internetworking Routing 1/33 Routing The main function of the network layer is routing packets from the source machine to the destination machine. Along the way, at least one intermediate node

More information

Last time. Transitioning to IPv6. Routing. Tunneling. Gateways. Graph abstraction. Link-state routing. Distance-vector routing. Dijkstra's Algorithm

Last time. Transitioning to IPv6. Routing. Tunneling. Gateways. Graph abstraction. Link-state routing. Distance-vector routing. Dijkstra's Algorithm Last time Transitioning to IPv6 Tunneling Gateways Routing Graph abstraction Link-state routing Dijkstra's Algorithm Distance-vector routing Bellman-Ford Equation 10-1 This time Distance vector link cost

More information

Lecture 4. The Network Layer (cont d)

Lecture 4. The Network Layer (cont d) Lecture 4 The Network Layer (cont d) Agenda Routing Tables Unicast and Multicast Routing Protocols Routing Algorithms Link State and Distance Vector Routing Information and Open Shortest Path First Protocols

More information

Introduction to Routing

Introduction to Routing 1 Introduction to Routing Session 2 Presentation_ID.scr 1 Agenda Addressing Concepts Routing Protocols Statics and Defaults 3 ISO OSI Reference Model Routing Information Protocol (RIP and RIPv2) L7 L6

More information

Routing in packet-switching networks

Routing in packet-switching networks Routing in packet-switching networks Circuit switching vs. Packet switching Most of WANs based on circuit or packet switching Circuit switching designed for voice Resources dedicated to a particular call

More information

Outline. Routing. Introduction to Wide Area Routing. Classification of Routing Algorithms. Introduction. Broadcasting and Multicasting

Outline. Routing. Introduction to Wide Area Routing. Classification of Routing Algorithms. Introduction. Broadcasting and Multicasting Outline Routing Fundamentals of Computer Networks Guevara Noubir Introduction Broadcasting and Multicasting Shortest Path Unicast Routing Link Weights and Stability F2003, CSG150 Fundamentals of Computer

More information

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications. Chapter 10 Packet Switching

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications. Chapter 10 Packet Switching William Stallings Data and Computer Communications Chapter 10 Packet Switching Principles Circuit switching designed for voice Resources dedicated to a particular call Much of the time a data connection

More information

Master Course Computer Networks IN2097

Master Course Computer Networks IN2097 Chair for Network Architectures and Services Prof. Carle Department of Computer Science TU München Master Course Computer Networks IN2097 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Carle Christian Grothoff, Ph.D. Stephan Günther

More information

Exam : : Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) Title. Ver :

Exam : : Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) Title. Ver : Exam : 642-801 Title : Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) Ver : 03-22-05 QUESTION 1 A packet that needs to be forwarded arrives on an interface of a router. In order for a router to route data,

More information

Routing. 4. Mar INF-3190: Switching and Routing

Routing. 4. Mar INF-3190: Switching and Routing Routing 4. Mar. 004 1 INF-3190: Switching and Routing Routing: Foundations! Task! To define the route of packets through the network! From the source! To the destination system! Routing algorithm! Defines

More information

Building the Routing Table. Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles

Building the Routing Table. Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles Building the Routing Table Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles Introducing the Routing Table R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected,

More information

Chapter 3. Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols. CCNA2-1 Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols. CCNA2-1 Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols CCNA2-1 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols CCNA2-2 Chapter 3 Perspective and Background Dynamic

More information

Configuring IP Routing Protocols

Configuring IP Routing Protocols CHAPTER 18 Configuring IP Routing Protocols This chapter describes how to configure the various Internet Protocol (IP) routing protocols. For a complete description of the commands listed in this chapter,

More information

Routing Basics ISP/IXP Workshops

Routing Basics ISP/IXP Workshops Routing Basics ISP/IXP Workshops 1 Routing Concepts IPv4 Routing Forwarding Some definitions Policy options Routing Protocols 2 IPv4 Internet uses IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long range from 1.0.0.0 to

More information

Routing Concepts. IPv4 Routing Forwarding Some definitions Policy options Routing Protocols

Routing Concepts. IPv4 Routing Forwarding Some definitions Policy options Routing Protocols Routing Basics 1 Routing Concepts IPv4 Routing Forwarding Some definitions Policy options Routing Protocols 2 IPv4 Internet uses IPv4 Addresses are 32 bits long Range from 1.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 0.0.0.0

More information

Internetworking. different kinds of network technologies that can be interconnected by routers and other networking devices to create an internetwork

Internetworking. different kinds of network technologies that can be interconnected by routers and other networking devices to create an internetwork UNIT - II Internetworking An internetwork is a collection of individual networks, connected by intermediate networking devices, that functions as a single large network. different kinds of network technologies

More information

Chapter 4: Network Layer, partb

Chapter 4: Network Layer, partb Chapter 4: Network Layer, partb The slides are adaptations of the slides available by the main textbook authors, Kurose&Ross Network Layer 4-1 Interplay between routing, forwarding routing algorithm local

More information

Section 6. Implementing EIGRP ICND2

Section 6. Implementing EIGRP ICND2 ICND2 Section 6 Implementing EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) was introduced in Cisco IOS Release 9.21 as an enhancement to the limitations of IGRP. IGRP was developed by Cisco

More information

Chapter 5 Network Layer: The Control Plane

Chapter 5 Network Layer: The Control Plane Chapter 5 Network Layer: The Control Plane A note on the use of these Powerpoint slides: We re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They re in PowerPoint form so you

More information

Keywords RIP, OSPF, IGP, EGP, AS, LSA

Keywords RIP, OSPF, IGP, EGP, AS, LSA Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2014 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com Evolution of

More information

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Distance Vector Routing Protocols Distance Vector Routing Protocols Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 4 Version 4.0 1 Objectives Identify the characteristics of distance vector routing protocols. Describe the network discovery process

More information

CS555, Spring /5/2005. April 12, 2005 No classes attend Senior Design Projects conference. Chapter 4 roadmap. Internet AS Hierarchy

CS555, Spring /5/2005. April 12, 2005 No classes attend Senior Design Projects conference. Chapter 4 roadmap. Internet AS Hierarchy CS555, Spring 2005 April 12, 2005 No classes attend Senior Design Projects conference Network Layer 4-1 Chapter 4 roadmap 4.1 Introduction and Network Service Models 4.2 VC and Datagram Networks 4.3 What

More information

Chapter 22 Network Layer: Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing 22.1

Chapter 22 Network Layer: Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing 22.1 Chapter 22 Network Layer: Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing 22.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 22-3 UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS 22.2 A routing

More information

OSPF Protocol Overview on page 187. OSPF Standards on page 188. OSPF Area Terminology on page 188. OSPF Routing Algorithm on page 190

OSPF Protocol Overview on page 187. OSPF Standards on page 188. OSPF Area Terminology on page 188. OSPF Routing Algorithm on page 190 Chapter 17 OSPF Protocol Overview The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) that routes packets within a single autonomous system (AS). OSPF uses link-state information

More information

Two types of routing protocols are used in internetworks: interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs).

Two types of routing protocols are used in internetworks: interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs). Introduction Dynamic routing is when protocols are used to find networks and update routing tables on routers. True, this is easier than using static or default routing, but it ll cost you in terms of

More information

Routing Basics ISP/IXP Workshops

Routing Basics ISP/IXP Workshops Routing Basics ISP/IXP Workshops 1 Routing Concepts IPv4 Routing Forwarding Some definitions Policy options Routing Protocols 2 IPv4 Internet uses IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long range from 1.0.0.0 to

More information