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1 Enables communitycentric applications: Military and law enforcement Search and rescue applications Foad Hamidi Amir Ali Ghadiri Online gaming Possibly and file transfer! Limited radio propagation range High host mobility Limited bandwidth and battery power Treebased approaches (eg : Based on wired approaches Maintain a tree structure One path between source and receiver Emphasize data forwarding efficiency Meshbased approaches (eg : Several paths can exist between source and receiver Emphasize robustness Hybrid approaches: Might use both tree and mesh Try to achieve both robustness and efficiency * #$%+ #$% #&' $ (% A TreeBased Protocol Foad Hamidi Treebased Ad hoc Multicast protocol Two stages: Initialization and maintenance Each node has msmid (multicast session member ID Each node has NeighborStatus table with information on existing nodes and their msmids Periodical beacons detect link disconnections

2 %$' % First should designate a special node: Sid: Smallest ID Sid is a sender or the node that initiates the multicast session Sid is the root of the tree and sends NEWSESSION messages to its neighbors NEWSESSION messages will contain msmid of sender and routing info %$' ( ( Upon receiving the NEWSESSION message the receiver will: Choose the NEWSESSION with best routing metrics Calculate larger and nonconsecutive msmid ebroadcasts a new NEWSESSION with its own msmid to neighbors Keep the information from NEWSESSIONs in the Neighbor Status table for limited time = NEWSESSION #$%/( $' = NEWSESSION #$%$' %$' Once msmid is chosen node will try to join using Branch econstruction (B subroutine There are two cases: Case : Potential parents exist in the NeighborStatus table: B is executed Case2: Potential parents do not exist or B is tried on all of them: B2 is executed && Nodes with smsids less than the child s smsid NeighborStatus table stores potential parent information derived from NEWSESSION and beacon messages Each node in the tree except Sid will have a parent with smaller smsid The smsids provide an indication of the logical height of a node with relation to other ones 2

3 && /%2# JOINEQ will be unicast to potential parents in the order of increasing msmids Each request will either timeout or be replied with JOINACK or JOINNACK If potential parent is in the tree it will accept the child immediately otherwise it will try joining the tree #$%3&& = JOINEQ JOINACK Once a connection is found the JOINACK is propagated back along the reverse path &&!4/ %2# JOINEQ will be broadcast to neighbors #$%3&&56 5 = NEWMESSAGE To keep this localized JOINEQ will only be rebroadcast to nodes within distance A new parent will send a JOINACK to the child 25 Child will choose a parent and will send a JOINCONF to it 25? Multicast traffic is forwarded after JOINCONF is received 3 #$%3&&56 % 5 = Broadcast JOINACK JOINCONF JOINEQ (Within 2 hops Operates continuously in the background Ensures that nodes remain connected to the tree When a broken link is detected the node with the larger msmid will try to reconnect 3 Based on the existence of potential parents it will use B or B2 to reconnect 3

4 2( Beacon interval has to be chosen carefully: Too long: link breakage will not be detected and packets will be lost Too short: will cause overhead and will detect microterm breakages!#&!( #& A MeshBased Protocol Amir Ali Ghadiri *7!#&+!#& Drawbacks of multicast trees: Intermittent connectivity Traffic concentration Frequent tree reconfiguration Softstate approach: No explicit control messages eduction of channel/storage overhead More Scalable More Stable Memberships and routes are established by the source on demand Forwarding Group: Set of nodes responsible for forwarding multicast data on shortest paths A forwarding mesh exists for each group 839 *7 + Multicast Member Nodes Forwarding Group Nodes Links Multicast outes Initial oute from S to 2 is < S A B 2> edundant oute < S A C B 2> 2 S2 B A C S3 S 3 4

5 !%!% 5:6 Member Table In multicast receivers (source ID The time last Joinequest is received efresh period outing Table In each node (source of Joinequest Next hop to the source Forwarding Table: In forwarding group nodes (Group ID Last refreshed time Message Cache In each node Detects duplicates (Source ID Sequence number of packet %#; Source node periodically sends Join equests as long as it has packets to send: efreshes membership Updates T When a nonduplicate Join equest is received by nodes: Upstream node ID is stored Join equest is broadcasted When Join equest is received by multicastreceivers: Source entry in the Member Table is created or updated % While there are valid entries in the Member Table of multicast receivers: Join Tables are broadcasted periodically When a node receives a Join Table: If the next node ID of one of the entries matches its own ID _Flag = true; Send (create myjointable; The Join Table is propagated until it reaches the source via shortest path &/( /( Join equest Join Table S S S2 I I2 2 3 Join Table Sender Next Node S I S2 I2 I Join Table Sender Next Node S S 5

6 !83 < ( Source can transmit via selected routes and forwarding groups When to forward? Nonduplicate _Flag of the node for that group has not expired Example: Duplicate Join Tables are not forwarded Effectiveness Metric: Packet Delivery atio = Number of data packets delivered / Number of data packets that were supposed to be delivered Overhead Metric: Number of control bytes transmitted per data bytes delivered!#& :#$%7 &!# Lower PD due to: Packets can get lost before link breakage detection Overhead added by beacons even in zero mobility Higher PD due to:!#& :#$%7 Lower overhead due to: Only one path between each two nodes Higher overhead due to: Meshbased: Join equest is broadcasted On demand: frequent Join equests edundant paths between nodes resulting in robustness No updates triggered by mobility!#& :#$%(% &!# Lower and constant PD due to:!#& :#$%(% No change due to: Usage of shared tree Usage of shared tree Higher PD due to: Limits number of sources that can send Join equest at the same time High overhead due to: More Join equest packets propagated due to increase in the number of senders 6

7 !#& :#$%9%'!#& :#$%= Low PD but slight improvement due to: Increase in potential parents and possible routes Higher and constant PD Very low and degrading PD due to: Transmission and size of beacons More collisions with higher load High but degrading PD due to: Mesh based Lower number of data packets transmitted than flooding Small amount of overhead and less buffer overflows!#& :#$% : Effective in light traffic environments with no mobility Maintaining underlying structure under volatile situations make treebased schemes inefficient Performance degradation in the presence of high traffic load and mobility Effective and efficient in most cases Existence of redundant paths make meshbased schemes more robust Overhead increases with large number of senders # >?@< Carlos de Morais Cordeiro Hrishikesh Gossain and Dharma P Agrawal Multicast over Wirless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions IEEE Network January 3 J J GarciaLunaAceves and EL Madruga The CoreAssisted Mesh Protocol IEEE JSAC Aug 999 pp SJ Lee W Su and M Gerla OnDemand Multicast outing Protocol ( for Ad Hoc Networks InternetDraft draftietfmanetodmrp2txt SJ Lee William Su Julian Hsu Mario Gerla and ajive Bagrodia A Performance Comparison Study of Ad Hoc Wireless Multicast Protocols Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM CW Wu YC Tay and CK Toh Ad hoc Multicast outing protocol utilizing Increasing idnumbers ( Functional Specification InternetDraft draftietfmanetamrisspectxt Nov 998 Work in progress Multicasting Over MANETs Written and presented by: Amir Ali Ghadiri Foad Hamidi 7

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