The Relational Model. Suan Lee

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1 The Relational Model Suan Lee

2 Database Management System (DBMS) Used by all major commercial database systems Very simple model Query with high-level languages: simple yet expressive Efficient implementations The Relational Model - Suan Lee 2

3 Database = set of named relations (or tables) The Relational Model - Suan Lee 3

4 Database = set of named relations (or tables) Student College The Relational Model - Suan Lee 4

5 Database = set of named relations (or tables) Each relation has a set of named attributes (or columns) Student College ID Name GPA Photo Name State ENR The Relational Model - Suan Lee 5

6 Database = set of named relations (or tables) Each relation has a set of named attributes (or columns) Each tuple (or row) has a value for each attribute Student ID Name GPA Photo 1 Adam Bill 3.4 NULL 3 Cathy NULL College Name State ENR Stanford CA 15,000 Berkeley CA 36,000 MIT MA 10,000 The Relational Model - Suan Lee 6

7 Database = set of named relations (or tables) Each relation has a set of named attributes (or columns) Each tuple (or row) has a value for each attribute Each attribute has a type (or domain) Student ID Name GPA Photo 1 Adam Bill 3.4 NULL 3 Cathy NULL College Name State ENR Stanford CA 15,000 Berkeley CA 36,000 MIT MA 10,000 The Relational Model - Suan Lee 7

8 Schema = structural description of relations in database Instance = actual contents at given point in time Student ID Name GPA Photo 1 Adam Bill 3.4 NULL 3 Cathy NULL College Name State ENR Stanford CA 15,000 Berkeley CA 36,000 MIT MA 10,000 The Relational Model - Suan Lee 8

9 NULL special value for unknown or undefined Student ID Name GPA Photo 1 Adam Bill 3.4 NULL 3 Cathy NULL College Name State ENR Stanford CA 15,000 Berkeley CA 36,000 MIT MA 10,000 The Relational Model - Suan Lee 9

10 Key attribute whose value is unique in each tuple Or set of attributes whose combined values are unique Student ID Name GPA Photo 1 Adam Bill 3.4 NULL 3 Cathy NULL College Name State ENR Stanford CA 15,000 Berkeley CA 36,000 MIT MA 10,000 The Relational Model - Suan Lee 10

11 Creating relations (tables) in SQL CREATE TABLE Student (ID INTEGER, name STRING, GPA FLOAT, photo STRING) CREATE TABLE College (name STRING, state CHAR(2), enrollment INTEGER) The Relational Model - Suan Lee 11

12 Used by all major commercial database systems Very simple model Query with high-level languages: simple yet expressive Efficient implementations The Relational Model - Suan Lee 12

13 Steps in creating and using a (relational) database Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 13

14 Steps in creating and using a (relational) database 1. Design schema; create using DDL Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 14

15 Steps in creating and using a (relational) database 1. Design schema; create using DDL 2. Bulk load initial data Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 15

16 Steps in creating and using a (relational) database 1. Design schema; create using DDL 2. Bulk load initial data 3. Repeat: execute queries and modifications Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 16

17 Steps in creating and using a (relational) database 1. Design schema; create using DDL 2. Bulk load initial data 3. Repeat: execute queries and modifications M ok Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 17

18 Ad-hoc queries in high-level language Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 18

19 Ad-hoc queries in high-level language All students with GPA > 3.7 applying to Stanford and MIT only All engineering departments in CA with < 500 applicants College with highest average accept rate over last 5 years Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 19

20 Ad-hoc queries in high-level language All students with GPA > 3.7 applying to Stanford and MIT only All engineering departments in CA with < 500 applicants College with highest average accept rate over last 5 years Some easy to pose; some a bit harder Some easy for DBMS to execute efficiently; some harder Query language also used to modify data Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 20

21 Queries return relations ( compositional, closed ) Q 1 Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 21

22 Queries return relations ( compositional, closed ) Q 1 Q 2 Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 22

23 Query Languages Relational Algebra (formal) SQL (actual/implemented) Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 23

24 Query Languages Relational Algebra (formal) SQL (actual/implemented) IDs of students with GPA > 3.7 applying to Stanford Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 24

25 Query Languages Relational Algebra (formal) Π ID (σ GPA=3.7 College.Name= Stanford (Student Apply)) SQL (actual/implemented) IDs of students with GPA > 3.7 applying to Stanford Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 25

26 Query Languages Relational Algebra (formal) Π ID (σ GPA=3.7 College.Name= Stanford (Student Apply)) SQL (actual/implemented) SELECT Student.ID FROM Student, Apply WHERE Student.ID=Apply.ID AND GPA>3.7 AND College.name= Stanford IDs of students with GPA > 3.7 applying to Stanford Querying Relational Databases - Suan Lee 26

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