Objective. The goal is to review material covered in Chapters 1-5. Do the following questions from the book.
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1 CSCE 4523 Assignment 2 - Due Sunday, Feb. 19, 2017; 11:59pm on Blackboard This assignment may be done in pairs (undergrads only). Grad students must do the assignment individually. Objective The goal is to review material covered in Chapters 1-5. Do the following questions from the book. Short answer questions and point form answers are fine. All answers that are just text/words should be done in a word processor. Diagrams may be handdrawn. 1.8 (List 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages) b, d, & f (Also show the relations (tuples) that would be created) 5.12 b, d, f (Relational Algebra Only) 5.18 (Relational Algebra Only)
2 Answers 1.8 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of database management systems (list 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages) Advantages: 1. Definition of data is stored separately and independently 2. Control over access and defining different security level 3. Manipulation of data is independent of application program 4. Control of data redundancy 5. Data consistency 6. Sharing of data Disadvantages: 1. Storage for keeping data is big 2. Cost of DBMS, which is very high 2.2 To address the issue of data independence, the ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture was proposed. Compare and contrast the three levels of this model. External: the way users perceive the data Conceptual: provides both the mapping and the desired independence between the external and internal level. The conceptual level represents all entities, their attributes, and their relationships, as well as the constraints on the data, and security and integrity information Internal: the way the DBMS and OS perceive the data. This specifies how data is represented, how records are sequenced, what indexes and pointers exist, and so on 2.14 Define the term "database integrity". How does database integrity differ from database security? Database integrity refers to the correctness and consistency of stored data: it can be considered as another type of database protection. Although integrity is related to security, it has wider implications: integrity is concerned with the quality of data itself. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Database security used to protect and secure a database or database management software from illegal users and malicious threats and attacks Compare and contrast the four main deployment models for the cloud. The four main deployment models for the cloud are: Private cloud: cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally by the organization, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may be hosted internally or externally. Community cloud: cloud infrastructure is shared for exclusive use by a specific community of organizations that have common concerns (e.g., security requirements, compliance,
3 jurisdiction). It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may be hosted internally or externally. Public cloud: cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public by a service provider. These services are free or offered on a pay-per-use model. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of these. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider. Hybrid cloud: cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. 4.5 Discuss the differences between the candidate keys and the primary key of a relation. Explain what is meant by a foreign key. How do foreign keys of relations relate to candidate keys? Give examples to illustrate your answer. The primary key is the candidate key that is selected to identify tuples uniquely within a relation. A table may have several candidate key, one of them can be selected as primary key. A foreign key is an attribute or set of attributes within one relation that matches the candidate key of some (possibly the same) relation. For instance, there are two tables, Branch and Staff with following structure like: Branch (branchno, street, city, postcode) Staff (staffno, fname, lname, position, sex, DOB, salary, branchno) The inclusion of branchno in both Branch and Staff relations links each branch to the details of staff working at that branch. In the Branch relation, branchno is primary key. However, in the Staff relation, the branchno attribute matches staff to the branch office they work. In the Staff relation the branchno is foreign key. We say that the attribute branchno in the Staff relation targets the primary key attribute branchno in the home relation, Branch. 4.8 Identify the foreign keys in this schema. Explain how the entity and referential integrity rules apply to these relations. For each relation, the primary key must not contain any nulls. Room is related to Hotel through the attribute hotelno. Therefore, the hotelno in Room should either be null or contain the number of an existing hotel in the Hotel relation. In this case study, it would probably be unacceptable to have a hotelno in Room with a null value. Booking is related to Hotel through the attribute hotelno. Therefore, the hotelno in Booking should either be null or contain the number of an existing hotel in the Hotel relation. However, because hotelno is also part of the primary key, a null value for this attribute would be unacceptable. Similarly for guestno. Booking is also related to Room through the attribute roomno. 5.8 Describe the relations that would be produced by the following relational algebra operations: (b) σ Hotel.hotelNo = Room.hotelNo (Hotel Room)
4 This will produce a join of the Hotel and Room relations containing all the attributes of both Hotel and Room (there will be two copies of the hotelno attribute). Essentially this will produce a relation containing all rooms at all hotels. Therefore, we have a relation with the following attributes: (hotelno, hotelname, city, roomno, hotelno, type, price) (d) Guest (σ dateto 1-Jan-2007 (Booking)) This will produce a (left outer) join of Guest and those tuples of Booking with an end date (dateto) greater than or equal to 1-Jan All guests who don t have a booking with such a date will still be included in the join. Essentially this will produce a relation containing all guests and show the details of any bookings they have beyond 1-Jan Therefore, the result includes the following attributes: (guestno, guestname, guestaddress, hotelno, datefrom, dateto, roomno) (e) Hotel Hotel.hotelNo = Room.hotelNo (σ price > 50 (Room)) ) This will produce a (semi) join of Hotel and those tuples of Room with a price greater than 50. Only those Hotel attributes will be listed. Essentially this will produce a relation containing all the details of all hotels with a room price above 50. Therefore, the result includes all attributes from Hotel relation like: (hotelno, hotelname, city) (f) Π guestname, hotelno (Booking Booking.guestNo = Guest.guestNo Guest) Π hotelno (σ city = London (Hotel)) This will produce a relation containing the names of all guests who have booked all hotels in London. The result includes two attributes as guestno, hotelno 5.12 Generate the relational algebra, tuple relational calculus, and domain relational calculus expressions for the following queries: (b) -- List all single rooms with a price below 20 per night. σ type= S price < 20(Room) (d) -- List the price and type of all rooms at the Grosvenor Hotel. Π price, type (Room hotelno (σ hotelname = Grosvenor Hotel (Hotel))) (f) -- List the details of all rooms at the Grosvenor Hotel, including the name of the guest staying in the room, if the room is occupied. (Room hotelno (σ hotelname = Grosvenor Hotel (Hotel))) // Outer Join Π guestname, hotelno, roomno (
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