PostgreSQL 8 for Windows

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2 PostgreSQL 8 for Windows RICHARD BLUM New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

3 Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher The material in this ebook also appears in the print version of this title: All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill ebooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ( McGraw-Hill ) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED AS IS. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: /

4 Professional Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill ebook! If you d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here.

5 To Tony Amico. Not only was I fortunate enough to have a knowledgeable mentor in my chosen profession, but to have the same mentor guide me through yet another profession was truly a blessing. Thanks Tony for all your help and guidance in both my system administration and writing careers. Enjoy retirement. For the LORD gives wisdom, and from his mouth come knowledge and understanding. Proverbs 2:6 (NIV)

6 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Richard Blum has worked for more than 18 years for a large U.S. government organization as a network and systems administrator. During this time he has administered Unix, Linux, Novell, and Microsoft servers and has helped to design and maintain a 3500-user network utilizing Cisco switches and routers. Rich has a BS in Electrical Engineering and an MS in Management, specializing in Management Information Systems, from Purdue University. He is the author of several books, including sendmail for Linux (Sams Publishing, 2000), Running qmail (Sams Publishing, 2000), Postfix (Sams Publishing, 2001), Open Source Security (Sams Publishing, 2001), C# Network Programming (Sybex, 2002), Network Performance Open Source Toolkit (John Wiley & Sons, 2003), and Professional Assembly Language Programming (Wrox, 2005). When he is not being a computer nerd, Rich plays electric bass for the church worship and praise band and enjoys spending time with his wife Barbara and daughters Katie Jane, and Jessica. About the Technical Editor Michael Wessler received his BS in Computer Technology from Purdue University. He is an Oracle Certified Database Administrator for 8 and 8i, an Oracle Certified Web Administrator for 9iAS, and a 10g Database Technician. He has administered Oracle on Windows and various flavors of Unix and Linux, including clustered Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) environments. Currently his focus is managing Oracle Web Application Server environments for various government and private-sector organizations. Michael can be reached at mwessler@yahoo.com. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click here for terms of use.

7 For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Acknowledgments... xi Introduction... xiii Part I Installation and Administration 1 What Is PostgreSQL?... 3 The Open Source Movement... 4 The History of PostgreSQL... 5 Comparing PostgreSQL... 8 PostgreSQL Versus Microsoft Access... 8 PostgreSQL Versus Commercial DBMS Products PostgreSQL Features Transaction Support ACID Compliant Nested Transactions Sub-selects Views Rules Triggers Support for Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) v

8 vi PostgreSQL 8 for Windows User-Defined Types Roles Table Partitioning Generalized Search Tree (GiST) Summary Installing PostgreSQL on Windows System Requirements Windows Workstations Windows Servers Downloading PostgreSQL Installing PostgreSQL Installation Options Window Service Configuration Window Initialise Database Cluster Window Enable Procedural Languages Window Enable Contrib Modules Window Finish the Install Running PostgreSQL Service Method Manual Method Summary The PostgreSQL Files and Programs The PostgreSQL Directory Database Cluster Directory Configuration Files The postgresql.conf File The pg_hba.conf File The pg_ident.conf File Programs PostgreSQL Server Commands SQL Wrapper Commands PostgreSQL Applications Summary Managing PostgreSQL on Windows The pgadmin III Program Parts of the PostgreSQL System Tablespaces Databases Group Roles Login Roles Creating a New Application Creating a New Database Creating a New Schema... 91

9 Contents vii Creating the Tables Entering and Viewing Data The pgadmin III Query Tool Working with User Accounts Creating Group Roles Creating Login Roles Testing Privileges Database Maintenance Backups and Restores Performing a Backup Restoring a Database Summary Part II Using PostgreSQL in Windows 5 The psql Program The psql Command-Line Format Connection Options Feature Options Using the Command-Line Options The psql Meta-commands psql General Meta-commands Query Buffer Meta-commands Input/Output Meta-commands Informational Meta-commands Formatting Meta-commands Copy and Large Object Meta-commands The psqlrc.conf File Importing Data with psql Summary Using Basic SQL The SQL Query Language SQL History SQL Format Creating Objects Creating a Database Creating a Schema Creating a Table Creating Group and Login Roles Assigning Privileges Handling Data Inserting Data Modifying Data Deleting Data

10 viii PostgreSQL 8 for Windows Querying Data The Basic Query Format Writing Advanced Queries Summary Using Advanced SQL Revisiting the SELECT Command The DISTINCT Clause The SELECT List The FROM Clause The WHERE Clause The GROUP BY Clause The HAVING Clause The Set Operation Clauses The ORDER BY Clause The LIMIT Clause The FOR Clause Table Views Table Indexes Why Use Indexes? Creating an Index Determining the Index Method Transactions Basic Transactions Advanced Transactions Cursors Creating a Cursor Using a Cursor Summary PostgreSQL Functions What Is a Function? Operators Built-in Functions String Functions Date and Time Functions Math Functions Aggregate Functions Summary Stored Procedures and Triggers PostgreSQL Procedural Languages Types of Functions The PL/pgSQL Language Creating a PL/pgSQL Function Creating a Stored Procedure Using pgadmin III PL/pgSQL Function Code

11 Contents ix Triggers Trigger Function Format Creating a Trigger Function Testing the Trigger Function Summary Security Controlling Network Users Controlling Access via Firewalls Controlling Access via Configuration Files Testing Remote Connectivity Encrypting Network Sessions Enabling SSL in PostgreSQL Encryption Keys and Certificates Creating an SSL Encryption Key Testing SSL Encryption Monitoring Users Summary Performance Enhancing Query Performance The EXPLAIN Command Using pgadmin III to Evaluate Queries The postgresql.conf Performance Parameters Query Tuning Resource Usage Runtime Statistics Summary Part III Windows Programming with PostgreSQL 12 Microsoft Access and PostgreSQL Interfacing PostgreSQL with Access Installing the ODBC Driver Configuring a PostgreSQL ODBC Connection Creating an Access Application Using PostgreSQL Data Type Considerations Designing an Application Database Setting Up the ODBC Session Creating the Access Application Using PostgreSQL Views in Access Sharing the Application Exporting an Access Application to PostgreSQL Summary

12 x PostgreSQL 8 for Windows 13 Microsoft.NET Framework The Microsoft.NET Framework Creating a.net Development Environment Downloading the.net Packages Installing the.net Packages Integrating the Npgsql Library Downloading Npgsql Installing the Npgsql Library Creating.NET Applications with Npgsql The Npgsql Library The NpgsqlConnection Class The NpgsqlCommand Class The NpgsqlParameterCollection Class Summary Visual C The Visual C++ Programming Environment Visual C++ Express Edition Downloading and Installing Visual C++ Express Edition Installing the Microsoft Platform SDK The libpq Library The libpq Functions Opening and Closing Sessions Executing SQL Commands Using Parameters Summary Java The Java Development Environment Downloading the Java SDK Installing the Java SDK Building a Java Program Using NetBeans PostgreSQL JDBC Driver Using JDBC in a NetBeans Application Using JDBC in a Java Command-Line Application Java Database Connectivity Starting a Connection Sending SQL Commands Using Parameters and Prepared Statements Summary Index

13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, all glory and praise go to God, who through His Son makes all things possible, and gives us the gift of eternal life. Many thanks go to the great team of people at McGraw-Hill for their outstanding work on this project. Thanks to Lisa McClain, Sponsoring Editor, for offering me the opportunity to write this book. Also thanks to Alex McDonald, the original Acquisitions Coordinator for the book, and to Mandy Canales, who took over from Alex during the production of this book, for keeping things on track and helping make this book presentable. I am forever indebted to Mike Wessler, the Technical Editor, for his database expertise and guidance. Thanks Mike for catching my goofs, and making suggestions for improvements throughout the book. Any leftover mistakes are completely my fault. I would also like to thank Carole McClendon at Waterside Productions, Inc. for arranging this opportunity for me, and for helping out in my writing career. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Mike and Joyce Blum, for their dedication and support while raising me, and to my wife Barbara and daughters Katie Jane, and Jessica for their love, patience, and understanding, especially while I was writing this book. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click here for terms of use. xi

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15 INTRODUCTION Databases have become a necessity for almost any application. The ability to store and quickly retrieve information is a hallmark of the personal computer revolution. Everything from store inventories to bowling league scores is kept in databases, often on personal computers. For most Windows users, the word database is synonymous with the Microsoft Access product. Microsoft Access provides a simple graphical interface for creating data tables, and the reports necessary to view the data. However, Access has its limitations, especially in a multi-user environment. This book shows how to overcome these limitations by using the PostgreSQL Open Source database software. OVERVIEW While a mainstay in the Linux world, Open Source software is slowly starting to make inroads into the Microsoft Windows world. Windows users and developers can now download and install many Open Source applications compiled specifically for the Windows environment. Starting with version 8.0, the PostgreSQL database server package includes an easy-to-install Windows version. Now any Windows user and developer can incorporate PostgreSQL s commercial-quality database features at no cost. This book describes the PostgreSQL database server, and how to use it in a Windows environment. If this is your first time using a large-scale database server, you will be amazed at how easy it is to create and manage your own database server. You will quickly Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click here for terms of use. xiii

16 xiv PostgreSQL 8 for Windows see the benefits of moving your databases from an Access database to a PostgreSQL database server. You can even keep your Access applications while utilizing the PostgreSQL database server to control your data. If you are a seasoned Windows database administrator, you may be pleasantly surprised at the features and resources available in PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL provides both commercial-quality database features, such as transactions, triggers, and stored procedures, and programming interfaces for all of the common programming languages used in the Windows environment. This book shows detailed examples of how to create programs in several common Windows programming languages that can access a PostgreSQL database server. HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED This book is organized into three sections. The first section, Installation and Administration, guides you through installing a basic PostgreSQL server and learning how to manage databases, schemas, and tables within the server. Chapter 1, What is PostgreSQL? compares PostgreSQL to other Open Source and commercial database packages. The basic ideas behind why you would switch to PostgreSQL are presented, allowing you to decide for yourself if PostgreSQL is right for you. Chapter 2, Installing PostgreSQL on Windows, walks you through the steps required to get a PostgreSQL server installed and running on your Windows platform. Chapter 3, The PostgreSQL Files and Programs, describes the file and folder structure PostgreSQL uses on the Windows platform for storing database data, utilities, and library files. The various command-prompt PostgreSQL utilities installed with the server software are also discussed. Chapter 4, Managing PostgreSQL on Windows, shows how to use the pgadmin III graphical administration tool to create new databases, schemas, tables, and user accounts. Knowing how to use pgadmin III makes administering a PostgreSQL database server easy, and can save you lots of time because you do not have to use SQL commands to create these items. The second section, Using PostgreSQL in Windows, demonstrates how to use the psql command-line program to manually execute SQL commands on the PostgreSQL server. This section also discusses the basic and advanced SQL features supported by PostgreSQL. Chapter 5, The psql Program, describes the command-line psql program and demonstrates how to use it to get PostgreSQL server information and execute SQL commands. Chapter 6, Using Basic SQL, provides a primer for novice database users on how to use SQL commands to create tables and login accounts, and then insert, delete, and query data within the tables. Chapter 7, Using Advanced SQL, shows how views and transactions can be used to help simplify SQL queries and to ensure data integrity within the database. Chapter 8, PostgreSQL Functions, walks through the built-in functions available in PostgreSQL, as well as demonstrates how to create your own functions that can be used by database users.

17 Introduction xv Chapter 9, Stored Procedures and Triggers, dives into the complicated world of creating functions that automatically execute based on database events, such as inserting or deleting data from a table. Chapter 10, Security, covers the important aspects of protecting your database data and tracking user access to your data. Chapter 11, Performance, closes out the section by providing some information and tips on how to monitor and possibly increase the performance of your PostgreSQL server. The last section of the book, Windows Programming with PostgreSQL, is intended to show developers how to access and use a PostgreSQL database server in various Windows programming environments. Chapter 12, Microsoft Access and PostgreSQL, provides detailed instructions on how to access a PostgreSQL database from a Microsoft Access application. Instructions are also provided on how to covert an existing Access database application to a PostgreSQL server, and how to use an existing Access application with a PostgreSQL database. Chapter 13, Microsoft.NET Framework, demonstrates how to create.net applications using Visual Basic.NET and C# that can access data on a PostgreSQL server. Details on how to install and use the PostgreSQL Npgsql library are shown. Chapter 14, Visual C++, helps more advanced programmers who are comfortable with the Microsoft Visual C++ product to interface their programs with a PostgreSQL server. The PostgreSQL libpq library is presented, showing how to install and use the library with Visual C++ programs. Chapter 15, Java, walks Java programmers through the steps required to use the PostgreSQL JDBC driver to access a PostgreSQL server from a Java application. Both the Java command-line interface and the Java NetBeans graphical development environment are demonstrated. WHO SHOULD READ THIS BOOK This book is primarily intended for Windows users who are searching for a simple, fullfeatured database for their applications. Now that PostgreSQL fully supports the Windows environment, incorporating a PostgreSQL server into Windows applications is an easy process. The goal of the book is to help both novice and professional Windows database developers become familiar with the PostgreSQL database, and demonstrate how to convert existing Windows database applications to a PostgreSQL database. The book can also be used by experienced PostgreSQL database administrators who are interested in porting existing PostgreSQL applications into the Windows environment. With the popularity of the Windows workstation platform, being able to write Windows applications that can access your PostgreSQL database server (running either on a Windows platform or a Unix/Linux platform) can greatly increase your customer base.

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19 I Installation and Administration Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click here for terms of use. 1

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