CS 338 Basic SQL Part II

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1 CS 338 Basic SQL Part II Bojana Bislimovska Spring 2017

2 Major research Outline Basic Retrieval Queries Exercises

3 Ambiguous Attribute Names Major research Same name can be used for two or more attributes in different tables The attribute name must be qualified with the relation name to prevent ambiguity Example: Change Lname in EMPLOYEE to Name and Dname in DEPARTMENT to Name SELECT Fname, EMPLOYEE.Name, Address FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE DEPARTMENT.Name= Research AND DEPARTMENT.Dnumber=EMPLOYEE.Dno;

4 Ambiguous Attribute Names Major research Alternative notation Using aliases (tuple variables) SELECT Fname, E.Name, Address FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, DEPARTMENT AS D WHERE D.Name= Research AND D.Dnumber=E.Dno;

5 Ambiguous Attribute Names Major research Ambiguity in self-referencing relationships SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, S.Fname, S.Lname FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, EMPLOYEE AS S WHERE E.Super_ssn=S.Ssn; Recommended renaming mechanism SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, E.Address FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, DEPARTMENT AS D WHERE D.Dname= Research AND D.Dnumber=E.Dno;

6 Major research Use of the * Asterisk (*) stands for all attributes RELATION_NAME.* refers to all attributes of the RELATION_NAME table SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Dno=5; SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE,DEPARTMENT WHERE Dname= Research AND Dno=Dnumber;

7 Major research Tables as Sets in SQL Duplicate tuples can appear more than once in a table from duplicates in base tables from projecting out distinguishing columns Keyword DISTINCT in SELECT clause eliminates duplicates SELECT ALL does not eliminate duplicates

8 Tables as Sets in SQL Major research

9 Major research Results treated as sets UNION, EXCEPT (difference),intersect Apply only on type-compatible relations Relations need to have the same attributes appearing in the same order Corresponding multiset operations UNION ALL,EXCEPT ALL,INTERSECT ALL Set Operations

10 Substring pattern matching Major research [NOT] LIKE comparison operator Partial string specification % -replaces an arbitrary number of zero or more characters _ -replaces a single character Retrieve all employees whose address is in Houston, TX. SELECT Fname,Lname FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Address LIKE '%Houston, TX';

11 Arithmetic and Other Operators Major research Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/) Example: Show the salaries if every employee working on the ProductX project is given a % raise SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, 1.1*E.Salary AS Increased_sal FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, WORKS_ON AS W, PROJECT AS P WHERE E.Ssn=W.Essn AND W.Pno=P.Pnumber AND P.Pname= ProductX ; BETWEEN comparison operator WHERE Year BETWEEN 2012 AND 2015 is equivalent to WHERE Year>=2012 AND Year<=2015

12 Ordering of Query Results Major research Query results can be ordered by the values of one or more attributes that appear in the query result ORDER BY clause ORDER BY ASC or ORDER BY DESC Default order is ascending

13 Major research Exercises 1. Write an appropriate statement to declare the following relation in SQL: Car (LicenceNum: string, Province: string, Make: string, Model: string, Year: integer, VIN: string) where values of LicenceNum has no more than 8 characters; Province has exactly 2 characters; Make and Model both have up to 20 characters; Make is a foreign key into a relation called Manufacturer (having an attribute also named Make as its primary key); Year must be between 1900 and 2013; and VIN has exactly 15 characters and cannot be identical for two or more Car tuples.

14 Major research Exercises 1. Consider the following relations: Emp(eno, ename, title, city) Proj(pno, pname, budget, city) Works(eno, pno, resp, dur) Pay(title, salary) where the primary keys are underlined, and Emp.title is a foreign key to Pay.title, Works.eno is a foreign key to Emp.eno, and Works.pno is a foreign key to Proj.pno. Write the following SQL queries: 1) Retrieve the names of employees whose salaries are greater than $100,000. 2) Retrieve the names and budget of all projects for which employees with title Programmer have worked. Sort results by budget in descending order.

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