Fundamentals of. Database Systems. Shamkant B. Navathe. College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology PEARSON.

Transcription

1 Fundamentals of Database Systems 5th Edition Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Shamkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology PEARSON Addison Wesley Boston San Francisco New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal

2 Contents part 1 Introduction and Conceptual Modeling chapter T Databases and Database Users Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Approach Actors on the Scene Workers behind the Scene Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach A Brief History of Database Applications When Not to Use a DBMS Summary 27 Review Questions 27 Exercises 28 Selected Bibliography 28 chapter 2 Database System Concepts and Architecture Data Models, Schemas, and Instances Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence 33 xv

3 xvi Contents 2.3 Database Languages and Interfaces The Database System Environment Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs Classification of Database Management Systems Summary 52 Review Questions 54 Exercises 54 Selected Bibliography 55 chapter 3 Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design An Example Database Application Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints Weak Entity Types Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams Relationship Types of Degree Higher Than Two Summary 90 Review Questions 91 Exercises 92 Laboratory Exercises 99 Selected Bibliography 101 chapter 4 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance Specialization and Generalization Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories An Example UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions 119

4 Contents xvii 4.6 Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts Summary 131 Review Questions 131 Exercises 132 Laboratory Exercises 140 Selected Bibliography 142 -part2 Relational Model: Concepts, Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming chapter O The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints Relational Model Concepts Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas Update Operations, Tranactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations Summary 165 Review Questions 166 Exercises 166 Selected Bibliography 170 chapter O The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION Additional Relational Operations Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra The Tuple Relational Calculus 201

5 xviii Contents 6.7 The Domain Relational Calculus Summary 212 Review Questions 213 Exercises 214 Laboratory Exercises 219 Selected Bibliography 221 chapter 7 Relational Database Design by ERand EER-to-Relational Mapping Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations Summary 236 Review Questions 236 Exercises 237 Laboratory Exercises 238 Selected Bibliography 239 chapter 8 SQL-99: Schema Definition, Constraints, Queries, and Views SQL Data Definition and Data Types Specifying Constraints in SQL Schema Change Statements in SQL Basic Queries in SQL More Complex SQL Queries INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Triggers Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL Additional Features of SQL Summary 288 Review Questions 288 Exercises 290 Laboratory Exercises 293 Selected Bibliography 297

6 Contents xix chapter 9 Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques Database Programming: Issues and Techniques Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM Summary 328 Review Questions 328 Exercises 329 Laboratory Exercises 329 Selected Bibliography 331 part O Database Design Theory and Methodology chapter 1 O Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas Functional Dependencies Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms Boyce-Codd Normal Form Summary 370 Review Questions 371 Exercises 372 Laboratory Exercises 377 Selected Bibliography 377 chapter 11 1 Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies Properties of Relational Decompositions Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design 386

7 xx Contents 11.3 Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form Inclusion Dependencies Other Dependencies and Normal Forms Summary 407 Review Questions 407 Exercises 408 Laboratory Exercises 410 Selected Bibliography 411 chapter 1 2 Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams The Role of Information Systems in Organizations The Database Design and Implementation Process Use of UML Diagrams As an Aid to Database Design Specification Rational Rose, a UML-Based Design Tool Automated Database Design Tools Summary 456 Review Questions 457 Selected Bibliography 459 part 4 Data Storage, Indexing, Query Processing, and Physical Design chapter 13 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing Introduction Secondary Storage Devices Buffering of Blocks Placing File Records on Disk 475

8 Contents xxi 13.5 Operations on Files Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) Hashing Techniques Other Primary File Organizations Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology New Storage Systems Summary 503 Review Questions 504 Exercises 505 Selected Bibliography 509 chapter 1 4 Indexing Structures for Files Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes Multilevel Indexes Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B + -Trees Indexes on Multiple Keys Other Types of Indexes Summary 543 Review Questions 544 Exercises 545 Selected Bibliography 547 chapter 1 5 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra Algorithms for External Sorting Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations Algorithms for PROJ ECT and SET Operations Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINS Combining Operations Using Pipelining Using Heuristics in Query Optimization Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle 588

9 xxii Contents Semantic Query Optimization Summary 589 Review Questions 590 Exercises 590 Selected Bibliography 591 chapter 1 6 Physical Database Design and Tuning Physical Database Design in Relational Databases An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems Summary 604 Review Questions 604 Selected Bibliography 605 pdrt ö Transaction Processing Concepts chapter 1 7 Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory Introduction to Transaction Processing Transaction and System Concepts Desirable Properties of Transactions Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability Transaction Support in SQL Summary 636 Review Questions 637 Exercises 638 chapter 1 0 Concurrency Control Techniques Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques 657

10 Contents xxiii 18.5 Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes Other Concurrency Control Issues Summary 665 Review Questions 666 Exercises 667 Selected Bibliography 668 chapter 1 9 Database Recovery Techniques Recovery Concepts Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update Shadow Paging The ARIES Recovery Algorithm Recovery in Multidatabase Systems Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures Summary 689 Review Questions 690 Exercises 691 Selected Bibliography 694 part 6 Object and Object-Relational Databases chapter 20 Concepts for Object Databases Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type Constructors Encapsulation of Operations, Methods, and Persistence Type and Class Hierarchies and Inheritance Complex Objects Other Objected-Oriented Concepts Summary 723 Review Questions 724 Exercises 724

11 xxiv Contents chapter 21 Object Database Standards, Languages, and Design Overview of the Object Model ofodmg The Object Definition Language ODL The Object Query Language OQL Overview of the C++ Language Binding Object Database Conceptual Design Summary 760 Review Questions 761 Exercises 761 Selected Bibliography 762 chapter 22 Object-Relational and Extended-Relational Systems Overview of SQL and Its Object-Relational Features Evolution of Data Models and Current Trends of Database Technology The Informix Universal Server Object-Relational Features of Oracle Implementation and Related Issues for Extended Type Systems The Nested Relational Model Summary 790 Selected Bibliography 791» part 7 Further Topics: Security, Advanced Modeling, and Distribution chapter 23 Database Security Introduction to Database Security Issues Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security 804

12 23.4 Introduction to Statistical Database Security Introduction to Flow Control Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures Privacy Issues and Preservation Challenges of Database Security Summary 818 Review Questions 819 Exercises 820 chapter 24 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications Active Database Concepts and Triggers Temporal Database Concepts Spatial and Multimedia Databases Introduction to Deductive Databases Summary 866 Review Questions 867 Exercises 868 Selected Bibliography 871 chapter 2 5 Distributed Databases and Client-Server Architectures Distributed Database Concepts Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design Types of Distributed Database Systems Query Processing in Distributed Databases Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases An Overview of 3-Tier Client-Server Architecture Distributed Databases in Oracle Summary 904 Review Questions 904 Exercises 905 Selected Bibliography 907

13 part 8 Emerging Technologies chapter 26 Web Database Programming Using PHP 26.1 Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data A Simple PHP Example Overview of Basic Features of PHP Overview of PHP Database Programming Summary 932 Review Questions 933 Exercises 933 Laboratory Exercises 934 Selected Bibliography 935 chapter 27 XML: Extensible Markup Language XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema XML Documents and Databases XMLQuerying Summary 957 Review Questions 958 Exercises 958 Selected Bibliography 958 chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts Overview of Data Mining Technology Association Rules Classification Clustering Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems 981

14 Conents xxvii 28.6 Applications of Data Mining Commercial Data Mining Tools Summary 987 Review Questions 987 Exercises 988 Selected Bibliography 989 chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology Characteristics of Data Warehouses Data Modeling for Data Warehouses Building a Data Warehouse Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse Data Warehouse versus Views Problems and Open Issues in Data Warehouses Summary 1006 Review Questions 1006 Selected Bibliography 1007 chapter 30 Emerging Database Technologies and Applications Mobile Databases Multimedia Databases Geographie Information Systems (GIS) Genome Data Management 1038 Selected Bibliography 1047 Credits 1050 appendix A Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models 1051 appendix B Parameters of Disks 1055

15 xxviii Contents appendix C Overview of the QBE Language 1059 C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE 1059 C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE 1064 appendix D appendix E Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model (located on the Companion Website at Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion Website at Selected Bibliography 1067 Index 1097