DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS"

Merilyn Stokes
5 years ago
Views:

1 DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS HENRY F. KORTH ABRAHAM SILBERSCHATZ University of Texas at Austin McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Paris San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Contents Preface xiü Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of Database Systems 1 1.2 Data Abstraction 4 1.3 Data Models 6 1.4 Instances and Schemes 11 1.5 Data Independence 12 1.

2 Contents Preface xiü Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of Database Systems Data Abstraction Data Models Instances and Schemes Data Independence Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Language Database Manager Database Administrator Database Users Overall System Structure Chapter 2 Entity-Relationship Model 2.1 Entities and Entity Sets Relationships and Relationship Sets Attributes Mapping Constraints Keys Entity-Relationship Diagram Reducing E-R Diagrams to Tables Generalization Aggregation Design of an E-R Database Scheme vii

viii Contents Chapter 3 Relational Model 3.1 Structure of Relational Databases 53 3.2 The Relational Algebra 60 3.3 The Tuple Relational Calculus 75 3.4 The Domain Relational Calculus 81 3.

3 viii Contents Chapter 3 Relational Model 3.1 Structure of Relational Databases The Relational Algebra The Tuple Relational Calculus The Domain Relational Calculus Modifying the Database Views Chapter 4 Relational Commercial Languages 4.1 SQL Query-by-Example Quel Chapter 5 Integrity Constraints 5.1 Domain Constraints Referential Integrity Functional Dependencies Assertions Triggers Chapter 6 Relational Database Design 6.1 Pitfalls in Relational Database Design Normalization Using Functional Dependencies Normalization Using Multivalued Dependencies Normalization Using Join Dependencies Domain-Key Normal Form Alternative Approaches to Database Design Chapter 7 File and System Structure 7.1 Overall System Structure Physical Storage Media 217

Contents 7.3 File Organization 221 7.4 Organization of Records into Blocks 227 7.5 Sequential Files 231 7.6 Mapping Relational Data to Files 232 7.7 Data Dictionary Storage 235 7.

4 Contents 7.3 File Organization Organization of Records into Blocks Sequential Files Mapping Relational Data to Files Data Dictionary Storage Buffer Management Chapter 8 Indexing and Hashing 8.1 Basic Concepts Indexing B + -Tree Index Files B-Tree Index Files Static Hash Functions Dynamic Hash Functions Comparison of Indexing and Hashing Index Definition in SQL Multiple-Key Access Chapter 9 Query Processing 9.1 Query Interpretation Equivalence of Expressions Estimation of Query-Processing Cost Estimation of Costs of Access Using Indices Join Strategies Join Strategies for Parallel Processors Structure of the Query Optimizer Chapter 10 Recovery and Atomicity 10.1 Failure Classification The Storage Hierarchy Transaction Model Log-Based Recovery Buffer Management Checkpoints 333

x Contents 10.7 Shadow Paging 335 10.8 Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage 339 10.9 Stahle Storage Implementation 340 10.10 341 343 344 Chapter 11 Concurrency Control 11.1 Schedules 347 11.

5 x Contents 10.7 Shadow Paging Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage Stahle Storage Implementation Chapter 11 Concurrency Control 11.1 Schedules Testing for Serializability Lock-Based Protocols Timestamp-Based Protocols Validation Techniques Multiple Granularity Multiversion Schemes Insert and Delete Operations Chapter 12 Transaction Processing 12.1 Storage Model Recovery from Transaction Failure Deadlock Handling Weak Levels of Consistency High-Performance Transaction Systems Concurrency in Index Structures Transaction Definition in SQL Long-Duration Transactions Chapter 13 Object-Oriented Model 13.1 New Database Applications Object Structure Class Hierarchy Multiple Inheritance Object Identity Object Containment Physical Organization Object-Oriented Queries 437

Contents xi 13.9 Scheme Modification 438 13.10 439 440 440 Chapter 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Chapter 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 Chapter 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.

6 Contents xi 13.9 Scheme Modification Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Extended Relational Systems Logic-Based Data Model The Nested Relational Model Expert Database Systems Distributed Databases Structure of Distributed Databases Trade-offs in Distributing the Database Design of Distributed Databases Transparency and Autonomy Distributed Query Processing Recovery in Distributed Systems Commit Protocols Concurrency Control Deadlock Handling Coordinator Selection Multidatabase Systems Security and Integrity Security and Integrity Violations Authorization and Views Security Specification in SQL Encryption Statistical Databases Case Studies System R Academic Ingres Commercial Systems

xii Contents 17.4 Microcomputer Database Systems 550 17.5 Database Programming Languages 551 554 Appendix A Network Model A.l A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8 A.9 Appendix B 1 Hierarchical Model B.l B.2 B.

7 xii Contents 17.4 Microcomputer Database Systems Database Programming Languages Appendix A Network Model A.l A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8 A.9 Appendix B 1 Hierarchical Model B.l B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 Basic Concepts Data-Structure Diagrams The DBTG CODASYL Model DBTG Data Retrieval Facility DBTG Update Facility DBTG Set-Processing Facility Mapping Networks to Files Network Systems Basic Concepts Tree-Structure Diagrams Data Retrieval Facility Update Facility Virtual Records Mapping Hierarchies to Files Hierarchical Systems Bibliography Index 679

Systems:;-'./'--'.; r. Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington

Systems:;-'./'--'.; r. Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Data base 7\,T"] Systems:;-'./'--'.; r Modelsj Languages, Design, and Application Programming Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Shamkant