Introduction. Example Databases
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1 Introduction Example databases Overview of concepts Why use database systems Example Databases University Data: departments, students, exams, rooms,... Usage: creating exam plans, enter exam results, create statistics, build timetables, Web-based access common Bank Airline Genetics Online Bookstore Weather and Climate Forecast 2 1
2 The basic Terminology Database: collection of data modeling a real world enterprise Database management system (DBMS) or database system (DBS): the software package to store and manage the data Application programs: the software to access and process the data (implements business logic, e.g., enter exam grades, purchase book) Information system (within this course): database + DBMS + application programs There exist other types of information systems, based on information-retrieval systems or knowledge-based systems 3 Client/Server-Architecture End user Application Programmer Application Programs Interpreter for ad-hoc queries Clients Database Management System Server Database Administrator Database 4 2
3 Example DBMS Relational DBMS companies like Oracle IBM offers its relational DB2 system. With IMS (40 years old!), a non-relational system, IBM is by some accounts the largest DBMS vendor in the world Microsoft offers SQL-Server, plus Microsoft Access for the cheap DBMS on the desktop, answered by lite systems from other competitors There exist several widely used open-source DBMS: PostgreSQL and MySQL being the best known of them XML database systems Object-oriented database systems Embedded database systems 5 Who wants to study databases? What is the use of all the courses I have taken so far? This course shows very concrete how CS is used in the outside world This course uses a lot of the basics introduced in the 200/300 level courses I want to work in an interdisciplinary environment Be an application developer building solutions for all kinds of fields working with people from other areas (e-commerce, science, administration, law, etc. etc.) I love the internals of how computers and systems work Be a database administrator or a DBS developer: a DBMS is an entire operating system and more I am more a theoretical person Database systems have a very sound theoretical foundation and there are many exciting open problems I want to work with computer languages, human-computer interaction, multimedia, logic, communication, distributed systems, knowledge management,. It s all there I want to make a lot of money E-commerce, banks and business: here you are I am not interested in databases You will have to use them anyway 6 3
4 Data Models A data model is a collection of concepts for describing data Data models from programming languages / data structure class: object with attributes struct in C list in LISP a binary tree A schema is a description of a particular collection of data, using a given data model 7 Java Schema and Instance Schema public class CD { private int CDID; String title, artist; private double cost; methods } public class CDCollection { private string cname; private CD[] collection; private int count=0; private double totalcost=0.0; methods } Instance { cname: classics [(CDID: 1, title: Incanto, artist: Andrea Bocelli, cost: 14.29) (CDID: 2, title: Souvenirs, artist: Anna Netrebeko, cost: 13.80)] count: 2 totalcost = } 8 4
5 Java Instance Manipulation Methods public CDCollection (String name) { cname = name; collection = new CD[100]; count = 0; totalcost = 0.0; } public void addcd(int cdid, String t, String a, double c) { collection[count] = new CD (cdid, t, a, c); totalcost += cost; count++; } 9 Relational Data Model Most DBMS are based on the relational data model Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows and columns Every relation has a schema, which describes the columns (also called attributes or fields) and their data types (always basic) the set of rows in the table is called the instance of the relation CD CDID title artist cost (int) (varchar) (varchar) (float) Schema of Relation CD 1 Incanto Andrea Bocelli Souvenirs Anna Netrebko Skin Deep Buddy Deep Instance of Relation CD Schema is defined using a data definition language (DDL) Instance (data) is modified using a data manipulation language (DML) 10 5
6 Why the relational model alternative schemes: pre-relational: network / hierarchical post-relational: OO / XML all are more complex / appear more powerful / integrate more semantic meaning advantages of relational model simple strong mathematical foundation very good optimization possibilities for data access 11 Relational Model vs. Real World Data Relational Model is very simple Not easy to map real world data How to define schema for CDCollection with the nested CD schema? Semantic Data Model more powerful data model better to capture real world entities and their relationship UML (coming from the OO world) ER (entity-relationship model): used in this course Mapping define ER/UML schema for read world data automatic process to map ER/UML schema into relational schema 12 6
7 Example: University Database Entity Collections collectionname count totalcost Collections Relation cname count totalcost Relationship includes Relation includes cname CDID Entity CDs cid cname credits CDs CDID title artist cost 13 Querying Data Querying the database: Give me all CDs in a particular Collection Give me all CDs that appear in more than one collection Inserting data into the database Insert a new CD Insert a CD into a collection Updating existing data Change the price of a CD Specific query languages for DBMS: best known is SQL and OQL 14 7
8 Data Storage and Data Access A typical DBMS has a layered architecture Disk space management, buffer management, files and access methods represent (nearly) an operating system on top of the operation system Fast and sophisticated data retrieval requires special index structures query optimization techniques Query Optimization And Execution Relational Operators Files and Access Methods Buffer Management Disk Space Management DB 15 Transaction Management: Controlling the Database Access Key concept is transaction, which is an atomic sequence of database actions (read and write operations on data items) A transaction represents a logical unit of operations (from the application point of view) Often user program = transaction For instance: transfer transaction = debit of account X, credit on account Y ACID properties: atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability 16 8
9 Transactional Properties Atomicity: all or none of the operations of a transaction should succeed (all-or-nothing property) All operations succeed = commit None of the operations succeed = abort (in the case of failure: undo all operations executed so far) Durability: the changes of a committed transaction must be persistent even in the case of failures write changes to disk before commit Isolation: don t mess up the database when running several transactions at the same time Consistency: the data at end of transaction must be semantically correct (no CD in a collection that is not in the CD relation) 17 Why use a DBMS? (instead of files) appropriate data models (helps to make a good design) offer more than records, arrays and basic data types easy definition of data (declarative and set-oriented) define data once with simple constructs instead of spreading definitions over various program modules easy access to data query language allows for sophisticated data retrieval using simple query statements; simple creation, deletion and modification of data efficient access to data good index structures provided data independence application programs receive abstract view of data and are independent of how data is stored and accessed persistent data storage Gigabytes of data do not fit in main memory and require special file support guarantee that changes to data are on stable storage 18 9
10 Why use a DBMS? (contd.) (instead of files) data integrity simple to define constraints to keep data consistent (account must always be above zero) security and authorization very flexible access control and execution control good basis to allow different applications to work on the same data centralize data management provide unified interface uniform data administration good tools for tuning, upgrading, monitoring,... concurrent access, recovery from crashes comes for free... Reduced application development time Reduced application maintenance Safer 19 Emphasis of the Course How to organize, maintain and retrieve information using a DBMS design of databases usage of DBMS Understand how DBMS work in order to use them appropriately 20 10
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