Information Systems Engineering. SQL Structured Query Language DDL Data Definition (sub)language
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1 Information Systems Engineering SQL Structured Query Language DDL Data Definition (sub)language 1
2 SQL Standard Language for the Definition, Querying and Manipulation of Relational Databases on DBMSs Its an ANSI standard The most used is the 1999 standard (SQL3 or SQL99) There are more recent updates from 2003 and 2008 The commercial implementations follow the standards, but not strictly Usually they include some extensions and minor variations in syntax SQL has some sublanguages DDL Data Definition Language, for creating or altering databases and schemas DML Data Manipulation Language (operations) DCL Data Control Language (authorization) MIB - ESIN apm@feup 2
3 SQL Data Types Attributes in Tables are always associated with its domain or data type Most SQL and DBMS implementations support the following types: [n][var]char(max) character strings using byte or unicode (with the prefix n) representations and with fixed or varying (with var) lengths of max size bit boolean values (0 or FALSE, 1 or TRUE, NULL) int, smallint, bigint, tinyint several ranges of integer data float, real, decimal, numeric several floating-point data money, smallmoney currency data types date, time, datetime, smalldatetime, timestamp dates and time representations [var]binary(max) byte sequences with fixed or varying (with var) lengths and max size; we can use any kind of interpretation for this data type MIB - ESIN apm@feup 3
4 Databases Databases are collections of relations (tables) Before defining the relations we need a database in the DBMS; databases have names Once a database is created we need to refer to it, before executing the SQL statements Creating, deleting and changing the name The SQL statements for these tasks are simple CREATE DATABASE <database-name> DROP DATABASE <database-name> ALTER DATABASE { <database-name> CURRENT } MODIFY NAME = <new-name> Referring to a database USE <database-name> MIB - ESIN apm@feup 4
5 DBMS Management Tools Most DBMSs have graphical management tools Graphically executing DDL statements Environment for executing sequences of SQL statements SQL Server Management Studio MIB - ESIN apm@feup 5
6 Creating Tables A simple syntax for the SQL statement for creating tables is: CREATE TABLE <table-name> ( { <column-definition> [<table-constraint>] } n ) where: <column-definition> ::= <column-name> <data-type> [ NULL NOT NULL ] [ DEFAULT <constant> IDENTITY [ (<seed>,<incr>) ] ] [ <column-constraint> n ] MIB - ESIN apm@feup 6
7 Defining a statement syntax Some special characters are used, specifying the composition rules < > - some element being defined here or elsewhere ::= - this is the definition - an alternative [ ] - something that is optional { } - just to aggregate definitions n something that we can repeat as many times as needed, separated by commas Anything else must appear literally in the statement SQL is not case sensitive MIB - ESIN apm@feup 7
8 Table and Column Constraints When we define a new table we can specify constraints at the table or column level where: <table-constraint> ::= { PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE } ( <column> n ) FOREIGN KEY ( <column> n ) REFERENCES <table>(<column> n ) CHECK ( <logical-expression> ) and where: <column-constraint> ::= PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE REFERENCES <table>(<column>) CHECK ( <logical-expression> ) MIB - ESIN apm@feup 8
9 Examples Creating a Relation (table) Actors with name, address, gender and birthdate CREATE TABLE Actors ( name CHAR(30) PRIMARY KEY, address VARCHAR(256), gender CHAR(1), birthdate DATE ) Creating the table Movies Here the primary key contains two attributes We need to use a table-constraint for declaring the primary key CREATE TABLE Movies ( title CHAR(100), year INT, length INT, genre CHAR(20), studio_name CHAR(30) REFERENCES Studios(name), PRIMARY KEY (title, year) ) MIB - ESIN apm@feup 9
10 Modifying Relations Sometimes we need to delete some Relations or add / delete attributes of some Relation Removing a table DROP TABLE <table> The table and all of its tuples are deleted from the database We can modify a table by adding or removing attributes These operations maintain the existing tuples Add attribute: ALTER TABLE <table> ADD <column-definition> Delete attribute: ALTER TABLE <table> DROP <column> MIB - ESIN apm@feup 10
11 Default Values When we add an attribute to a table and there is already tuples in it, we can define a default value to fill the new attribute in those tuples Example: Adding a phone number to a Relation ALTER TABLE Actors ADD phone CHAR(16) DEFAULT unlisted Default values can also be specified when we define the table for the first time When a new tuple is inserted the attribute will have the default value if it is not specified MIB - ESIN apm@feup 11
12 Emptying a Relation Sometimes we need to remove all the tuples of a relation without touching its schema One of the SQL DDL statements allows this result TRUNCATE TABLE <table> MIB - ESIN apm@feup 12
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