What is a Digital Certificate? Basic Problem. Digital Certificates, Certification Authorities, and Public Key Infrastructure. Sections
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1 Digital Certificates, Certification Authorities, and Public Key Infrastructure Sections Basic Problem What does a public-key signature verification tell you? Verification parameters include public key, and successful verification says Only someone holding the corresponding private key could have made this signature. What do you want a signature verification to tell you? Probably something like Joe Smith signed this. Problem: What assurance do you have that the public key really belongs to Joe Smith? What is a Digital Certificate? Associates an identity/properties with a public key Identity can be person s name, website, ,... Properties can be valid key uses, age of individual, access rights granted, Signed by someone you trust Signature is trusted party vouching for ID/key pair Role is similar to a notary public Some typical properties of certificates: Good for a set time (validity period) Must get a new certificate after expiration Certificates may be revoked
2 More on Certificates Common types of certificates: X.509 standard (version 3) PGP certificates Who signs certificates? Several possibilities: Independent Certification Authority organization Disinterested third party company or government Examples: Verisign, Deutsche Telekom, Entrust, AOL, Internal (organizational) certification authority Organization controls certificates for employees or clients Could be just an individual you trust This is how PGP certificates are typically certified X.509 Certificates Most prevalent type of digital certificate Related to X.500 directory services An integral part of the Web All major web browsers and servers support X.509 CA industry (Verisign, etc.) built around X.509 Also part of secure specifications S/MIME Currently version 3 of X.509 Includes a flexible extension field capability X.500 Names (Also called Distinguished Names ) Hierarchical naming Parts of names are attribute/value pairs Example attributes: C=country ST=state L=locality O=organization OU=organizational unit CN=common name
3 Important Additional Information How does a CA state how they do business? A Certification Practices Statement (CPS) is a human-readable statement of practices used by CA Based on this, a person/vendor may decide whether to trust or not trust the CA Problem: What if CPS becomes a dead link? Trust the CA? Where to obtain the Certification Revocation List (CRL) Called a CRL Distribution Point (CDP) Certificates may be revoked due to Private key compromised Incorrectly issued certificate CA compromised Properties change CRL contains unexpired revoked certificates Current (2018) size of Symantec CRL: 1,211,730 bytes (34,610 entries) Newer technology: OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) Example: Amazon Certificate (Extension fields removed) Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 79:df:6e:64:52:f0:6a:12:05:ac:c8:80:7b:0a:d5:8e Signature Algorithm: sha256withrsaencryption Issuer: C=US, O=Symantec Corporation, OU=Symantec Trust Network, CN=Symantec Class 3 Secure Server CA - G4 Validity Not Before: Oct 6 00:00: GMT Not After : Sep 21 23:59: GMT Subject: C=US, ST=Washington, L=Seattle, O=Amazon.com, Inc., CN= Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaencryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: 00:de:59:92:15:5c:f4:ae:8e:c4:ee:8e:ff:b3:97:... [ Deleted ]... Exponent: (0x10001)... Signature Algorithm: sha256withrsaencryption 1f:01:57:8d:2f:fe:26:bb:5d:43:59:5a:86:42:47:47:2f:5e: Example: Amazon Certificate, Part 2 Extension fields X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: DNS:amazon.com, DNS:amzn.com, DNS:buybox.amazon.com, [... ] X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE X509v3 Key Usage: critical Digital Signature, Key Encipherment X509v3 Extended Key Usage: TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication X509v3 Certificate Policies: Policy: CPS: User Notice: Explicit Text: X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:5f:60:cf:61:90:55:df:84:43:14:8a:60:2a:b2:f5:7a:f4:43:18:ef X509v3 CRL Distribution Points: Full Name: URI: Authority Information Access: OCSP - URI: CA Issuers - URI:
4 Certificate Chains (Hypothetical) Trust Anchor or Root CA Subject: Verisign Verisign Public Key Issuer: Verisign (trusted) Signs Subject: UNCG CA UNCG Public Key Issuer: Verisign Signs Subject: UNCG CS CA UNCG CS Public Key Issuer: UNCG CA Signs Subject: Steve Tate Steve s Public Key Issuer: UNCG CS CA Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) A PKI is a collection of technologies and policies for creating and using digital certificates. [Garfinkel and Spafford] Many people originally envisioned an official digital ID system In reality: Very little personal ID done with certificates mostly used for server identification Could change if security tokens or smart cards become more prevalent! Maybe smartphones? Another Trust Model: PGP Web of Trust PGP is Pretty Good Privacy Originally for encryption/signing Now regularly used for software verification Originally written by Phil Zimmerman Now several free and commercial versions GPG ( Gnu Privacy Guard ) is a Free-Software alternative (they use only free algorithms) Trust model is less hierarchical than X.509 I can sign keys and distribute them Anyone who trusts me can use me as a CA! Difference between trusted and valid keys
5 PGP/GPG Keyservers Problem: How do you get public keys? Note: In PGP public keys are always certificates Solution: Keyservers databases of keys You can submit your own keys You can look up keys by name or address Support integrated into many programs Keyservers can be accessed in many ways LDAP HTTP Keyserver example WWW interface Sending an encrypted Step 1: Look up the key Keyserver example WWW interface Sending an encrypted Step 2: Find the right one - who vouches for it?
6 Keyserver example WWW interface Sending an encrypted Step 3: Download key (to import into PGP) Some problems with certificates Private keys are not people Distinguished names are not people There are too many Robert Smiths X.509 v3 doesn t allow selective disclosure Ubiquitous certificates could lead to privacy issues How do you loan a key? Signatures are brittle But overall: Not perfect, but solves some important problems
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