Timer programming

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Avis Watkins
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1 Timer programming In this tutorial, we are going to discuss the Timer module of First, we will see what are timers, their working and later we will configure the 8051 timers to generate the delay of 100ms and 500ms respectively. At the end, we will see how to use the ExploreEmdedded Timer library. Contents Timer Module 2 Timer Basics 3 Timer Registers 4 Timer Calculation 5 Timer Mode1 5.1 Timer Calculation for 50ms delay 5.2 Polling Method 5.3 Interrupt Method 6 Timer Mode2 6.1 Timer Calculation for 250µs delay 7 Downloads 8051 Timer Module 8051 has two indepenndent timer which can be used as timer(to generate delays)/counters(count external events). Timer 1 is also used for generating baud rate in serial communication, which we will discuss in the next tutorial Below table provides the details of the 8051 Timers. Timer Size Control Register Count Register Min Delay Max Delay TIMER0 16-bit TMOD,TCON TH0,TL µs ms TIMER1 16-bit TMOD,TCON TH1,TL µs ms TIMER2(8052 only) 16-bit T2CON RCAP2H,RCAP2L 1.085µs ms Timer Basics As the name suggests these are used to measure the time or generate the accurate time delay. The microcontroller can also generate/measure the required time delays by running loops, but the timer/counter relieves the CPU from that redundant and repetitive task, allowing it to allocate maximum processing time for other tasks. The timer is nothing but a simple binary counter that can be configured to count clock pulses(internal/external). Once it reaches the Max value, it will roll back to zero setting up an OverFlow flag and generates the interrupt if enabled.

The registers TCON and TMOD affect the timer operation. The clock frequency is divided by 12 and used by the timer unit. Thus if a 11.

2 The Timer 0 is 16 bit wide as shown. This can be accessed as 2 eight bit registers TL0 and TL1. Same applies to Timer 1. The 8051 timer and counter are the same units, but in this tutorial, we will discuss only the timer unit to simplify the discussion. Fig 1, shows the basic 8051 timer unit. The registers TCON and TMOD affect the timer operation. The clock frequency is divided by 12 and used by the timer unit. Thus if a MHz external crystal is used, the timer uses a frequency of 921KHz. Thus timer increments every (1/921Khz) = 1.085? seconds. The C/? = 0 bit of TMOD register selects operation of Timer/counter unit as timer. The TR bit of TCON register is used to start the timer.

3 Timer Registers TMOD Timer1 Timer Gate C/T M1 M0 Gate C/T M1 M0 Gate Control 0 = Timer enabled 1 = Timer enabled if INTx is high C/T:Counter or Timer Selector 0 = Internal count source (clock/12) 1 = External count source T0/T1(P3.4/P3.5) pin. M1-M0:Mode Control 00-Mode 0, 13 bit count mode 01-Mode 1, 16 bit count mode 10-Mode 2, Auto reload mode 11-Mode 3, Split Timer mode TCON TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 TRx: Timer x run control 0 = Timer not running 1 = Timer running TFx: Timer x OverFlow flag 0 = Timer has not overflowed/rolled over 1 = Timer has overflowed/rolled over Timer Calculation 8051 Oscillator frequency is divided by 12 and then fed to the controller, Time to increment the Timer count by one(timer tick) can be determined as below. tick = (1/(Fosc/12) $$tick = 12/Fosc$$ For Fosc == Mhz, the tick time will be tick = 12/ M = us = 1.085us Now the Timer value for the required delay can be calculated as below. Delay = TimerCount * tick Count = (Delay/tick) RegValue = TimerMax- Count RegValue = TimerMax-(Delay/tick) = TimerMax - (Delay/1.085us) $$RegValue = TimerMax-((Delay/1.085) * 10^6)$$

4 Timer Mode1 The timer in Mode-1 can be used as a 16-bit timer to count from 0000 to FFFFH thus allowing to generate a wide range of delay. The timer value for the required delay needs to be loaded into Timer Count registers TH & TL. After loading the values to the register, the timers must be started. Now the Timer starts counting up and once it reaches the max value(0xffff), it rolls back to zero setting the overflow flag. At this point, the timer values must be reloaded and the overflow flag should also be cleared. Timer Calculation for 50ms delay Fosc = Mhz Delay = 50ms $$RegValue = TimerMax-((Delay/1.085) * 10^6)$$ RegValue = (50ms/1.085)*10^6 = = = 0x4BFD Polling Method Interrupt Method Timer Mode2 The timer in Mode-2 can be used as an 8-bit timer to count from 00 to FFH. The timer value for the required delay needs to be loaded into Timer Count registers TH(which is copied to TL). After loading the values to the register, the timers must be started. Now the Timer starts incrementing TL and once it reaches the max value(0xff), it rolls back to zero setting the overflow flag and reloads the value from TH.

Timer Calculation for 250µs delay Fosc = 11.0592Mhz Delay = 250µs $$RegValue = TimerMax-((Delay/1.085) * 10^6)$$ RegValue = 256 - (250µs/1.

5 Timer Calculation for 250µs delay Fosc = Mhz Delay = 250µs $$RegValue = TimerMax-((Delay/1.085) * 10^6)$$ RegValue = (250µs/1.085)*10^6 = = 26 = 0x1A Downloads Download the sample code and design files from this link. Would like to have your feedback and suggestions here; Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

CHAPTER TIMER PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER TIMER PROGRAMMING CHAPTER 9 8051 TIMER PROGRAMMING 8051 Timers The 8051 has two timers/counters, they can be used as Timers to generate a time delay Event counters to count events happening outside the microcontroller Both